Demonstration and performance analysis of on-beach public toilet with a decentralised modified French vertical flow constructed wetland and ex situ electrochlorination integrated treatment system

Water Practice & Technology Pub Date : 2024-03-25 DOI:10.2166/wpt.2024.071

Jayanta Kumar Gogoi, Priya Sharma, G. Talekar, Swapnil Punyapwar, Keyur Namdev, S. Mutnuri

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Abstract

India's concern about wastewater generation outpacing the centralised treatment capacity has increased significantly. This study demonstrated an on-beach public toilet equipped with a sustainable decentralised treatment system in Goa, India. The research gap of the number of toilet users, freshwater demand, and wastewater (WW) generated per day in India was documented. The treatment system consisted of a modified French-type vertical flow constructed wetland (MVFCW) and electro-chlorinator. The first and second stage MVFCW were an unsaturated and saturated type, respectively. The onsite beach bore well water with a chloride concentration of 8464 ± 415.18 mg/L was electrolyzed for 1 h at 40.49 Am−2 to perform ex situ electrochlorination disinfection. The MVFCW effluent was disinfected with 2412.50 ± 278.61 mg/L of chlorine (Cl2) generated at a disinfectant dilution ratio of 1:300 (Cl2:WW) to ensure less than 5 mg/L residual Cl2. The average daily toilet users, freshwater usage, and WW generated were 96 ± 17.02, 1381.38 ± 380.35 L, and 1407.98 ± 611.8 L, respectively. The integrated treatment system treated 1,400 L/day. The integrated treatment system achieved an average percentage removal of 93.38 ± 0.38% chemical oxygen demand, 79.18 ± 1.55% NO−3, 98.45 ± 0.22% total ammoniacal nitrogen, 93.13 ± 1.19% PO4−3, 87.28 ± 0.2% total suspended solids, 83.09 ± 1.16% total organic carbon, 80.22 ± 0.87% total carbon, 80.05 ± 0.12% inorganic carbon, and 100% coliform. The cost of power consumption was 0.17 INR m−3.

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采用分散式改良法式垂直流建造湿地和异地电解氯化综合处理系统的海滩公共厕所的示范和性能分析

印度对废水产生量超过集中处理能力的担忧与日俱增。本研究展示了印度果阿配备可持续分散式处理系统的海滩公共厕所。研究记录了印度厕所用户数量、淡水需求量和每天产生的废水（WW）的研究缺口。该处理系统由改良法式垂直流湿地（MVFCW）和电氯化器组成。第一级和第二级 MVFCW 分别为非饱和型和饱和型。将氯离子浓度为 8464 ± 415.18 mg/L 的现场海滩井水在 40.49 Am-2 下电解 1 小时，以进行原位电氯化消毒。MVFCW 的出水使用 2412.50 ± 278.61 mg/L 的氯（Cl2）进行消毒，消毒剂稀释比为 1:300（Cl2:WW），以确保 Cl2 的残留量低于 5 mg/L。日均厕所使用量、淡水使用量和产生的废水量分别为 96 ± 17.02 升、1381.38 ± 380.35 升和 1407.98 ± 611.8 升。综合处理系统每天处理 1400 升水。综合处理系统的平均去除率为：化学需氧量 93.38 ± 0.38%、NO-3 79.18 ± 1.55%、总氨氮 98.45 ± 0.22%、PO4-3 93.13 ± 1.19%、总悬浮物 87.28 ± 0.2%、总有机碳 83.09 ± 1.16%、总碳 80.22 ± 0.87%、无机碳 80.05 ± 0.12%、大肠菌群 100%。耗电成本为 0.17 INR m-3。

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Water Practice & Technology

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