Terrorism Financing Typologies: Comparison of PKK and ISIL in Turkey

Q4 Social Sciences

Central European Journal of International and Security Studies Pub Date : 2024-03-28 DOI:10.51870/eqvw6260

Behsat Ekici, Musa Tuzuner

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Abstract

This comparative case study investigated the financing typologies of Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) and Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) in Turkey. PKK is a Marxist- Leninist organization that pursues ethnic separationist policies in Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Syria. ISIL is a radical Wahhabi network that aspires to re-establish the Caliphate and restore the “glory” of Sharia by defeating the “near” and “far” enemies. These networks are chosen for this case study as they operate in close proximity along Turkish, Iraqi and Syrian borders. In addition to primary and secondary interviews, the research has been based on content analysis of unclassified documents and media coverage on counter PKK/ISIL investigations. This study indicated that both organizations have been highly skillful in exploiting the regional licit and illicit enterprises. Financing methods of PKK and ISIL were similar in complex regional underground economic infrastructure. However, PKK has been able to develop much more sophisticated financial infrastructure than ISIL due to a longer life span and existence of specialized cadres in the Middle East and Europe. Ideology had a significant impact on differences in state sponsorship and exploitation of non-profit organizations. Both the Marxists and radical İslamists encouraged illicit trade schemes not only to generate funds but also to avoid taxation by the “hostile” regimes. ISIL has failed to develop advanced financing infrastructure mainly due to a shorter life span, loss of territorial control and the UN-US sponsored international sanctions.

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恐怖主义融资类型：土耳其库尔德工人党与伊黎伊斯兰国的比较

本比较案例研究调查了土耳其库尔德工人党（PKK）和伊拉克和黎凡特伊斯兰国（ISIL）的筹资类型。库尔德工人党是一个马克思列宁主义组织，在土耳其、伊朗、伊拉克和叙利亚推行种族分离主义政策。伊黎伊斯兰国是一个激进的瓦哈比网络，渴望通过击败 "近 "敌和 "远 "敌重建哈里发国，恢复伊斯兰教法的 "荣耀"。本案例研究之所以选择这些网络，是因为它们在土耳其、伊拉克和叙利亚边境附近活动。除主要和次要访谈外，本研究还基于对有关反库尔德工人党/伊黎伊斯兰国调查的非机密文件和媒体报道的内容分析。研究表明，这两个组织都非常善于利用地区合法和非法企业。在复杂的地区地下经济基础设施中，库尔德工人党和伊黎伊斯兰国的筹资方法相似。然而，由于库尔德工人党的存在时间更长，而且在中东和欧洲有专门的干部，因此库尔德工人党能够发展出比伊黎伊斯兰国复杂得多的金融基础设施。意识形态对国家赞助和利用非营利组织方面的差异有重大影响。马克思主义者和激进伊斯兰主义者都鼓励非法贸易计划，这不仅是为了筹集资金，也是为了避免被 "敌对 "政权征税。伊黎伊斯兰国未能发展先进的融资基础设施，主要是由于其寿命较短、失去领土控制以及联合国-美国发起的国际制裁。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Central European Journal of International and Security Studies Social Sciences-Political Science and International Relations

CiteScore

0.60

自引率

0.00%

发文量

期刊介绍： The Central European Journal of International and Security Studies (CEJISS) was founded by Mitchell Belfer (Editor in Chief), David Erkomaishvili (Deputy Editor in Chief), Nigorakhon Turakhanova (Head of the Academic Centre) and Petr Kucera, in December 2006, as an autonomous wing of the Department of International Relations and European Studies at Metropolitan University Prague. The initial goal was to develop, and project globally, a uniquely Central European take on unfolding international and security issues. This entailed an initial “out-reach” programme to attract scholars from throughout the four Central European states – the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and the Slovak Republic – to participate in the journal as authors and members of the Editorial and (then) Advisory Boards. By the time of the first issue however, it became clear that CEJISS was also capable of acting as a platform for non-Central European scholars to present their academic research to a more regionalised audience. From issue 1:1 in June 2007 until the present, CEJISS has become, quite literally, a two-way street—it helps Central European scholars enter international academia and international scholars enter Central Europe.