Depth and predation regulate consumption of dolphin carcasses in the hadal zone

Abstract

Natural whale falls and falls of smaller-sized food have been reported for more than 30 years and are known to be important sources of nutrients and organic matter for the seafloor community. However, the associated species composition and ecological processes during such events in the hadal zone were unknown. Therefore, we aimed to determine the impact of depth and predation on the hadal community during the early stages of a food-fall event. This is the first study to investigate the preliminary stages of the two deepest artificial dolphin-fall events in the Philippine Basin (PB) (∼7729 m) and Mariana Trench (MT) (∼8200 m). A total of nine dives were conducted over a period of 86 days (PB) and 50 days (MT) using the deep-sea manned submersible “Fendouzhe.” Our observations in the PB indicated that the first stage (mobile-scavenger) was controlled by the feeding ecology of hadal amphipods and snailfish. In contrast, the absence of predatory snailfish in the MT enhanced the degradation rate of the carcass compared to that in the PB. Most soft tissues were entirely consumed by scavenging amphipods within days of the event in the MT, whereas in the PB, amphipods were observed taking a feeding hiatus on Day 10 to escape snailfish predation. The second stage (enrichment-opportunist), which hosted few grazing faunas, began at different times in each location and overlapped with the mobile-scavenger stage. Dolphin carcasses, being smaller than those of full-grown whales, can only sustain a large community of scavenging amphipods, and indirectly, predatory snailfish. After the first stage, the dispersed organic matter and limited lipid content in dolphin bones were likely insufficient to sustain an active grazing community or the chemosynthetic community that typically follows. We concluded that water depth influences the successional stages and decomposition rate of food falls in the hadal zone by controlling the dynamic relationship between prey and predators. Our study elucidates the ecology of food-fall events in the hadal zone and highlights the key differences in food-fall events at different depths.