The left-right side-specific neuroendocrine signaling from injured brain: an organizational principle

Abstract

A neurological dogma is that the contralateral effects of brain injury are set through crossed descending neural tracts. We have recently identified a novel topographic neuroendocrine system (T-NES) that operates via a humoral pathway and mediates the left-right side-specific effects of unilateral brain lesions. In rats with completely transected thoracic spinal cords, unilateral injury to the hindlimb sensorimotor cortex produced hindlimb postural asymmetry with contralateral hindlimb flexion, a proxy for neurological deficit. Here, we investigated in acute experiments whether T-NES consists of left and right counterparts and whether they differ in neural and molecular mechanisms and their operating patterns, which may be ipsi- or contra-lateral relative to the side of brain injury. We demonstrated that left and right-sided hormonal signaling is differentially blocked by the selective opioid antagonists. The effects of the left-brain lesion were inhibited by antagonists of the δ- and κ-opioid receptors, whereas those of the right brain lesion were inhibited by a µ-opioid antagonist. Left and right neurohormonal signaling differed in targeting the afferent spinal mechanisms. Bilateral deafferentation of the lumbar spinal cord abolished the hormone-mediated effects of the left-brain injury but not the right-sided lesion. The sympathetic nervous system was ruled out as a brain-to-spinal cord signaling pathway since the hindlimb responses were induced in rats with cervical spinal cord transections that were rostral to the preganglionic sympathetic neurons. Analysis of gene-gene co-expression patterns identified the left- and right-side-specific gene regulatory networks that were coordinated via the humoral pathway across the hypothalamus and lumbar spinal cord. The coordination was ipsilateral and disrupted by brain injury. These findings suggest that T-NES is bipartite, and that its left and right counterparts contribute to contralateral neurological deficits through distinct neural mechanisms, and may enable ipsilateral regulation of molecular and neural processes across distant neural areas along the neuraxis.