Preventive central neck lymph node dissection as a stage in the treatment of papillary thyroid cancer

Abstract

Relevance: The need of prophylactic cervical lymph node dissection for the detection of low grade thyroid cancer remains debatable since preoperative examination does not always allow determining the involvement of a group VI regional lymph collector.Objective: to evaluate the frequency of group VI nodes involvement with clinical N0–Nx based on the results of a morphological examination after performing a preventive central neck lymph node dissection.Materials and methods: the study included 295 patients who underwent surgery from 2016 to 2022 for papillary thyroid cancer with cT1–T2, N0–Nx. There were 11.5 % of men included (n = 34) and 88.5 % of women (n = 261). Of these, 40.7 % (n = 120) were less than 55 years old. All patients underwent surgical treatment which included thyroidectomy or hemithyroidectomy with cervical lymph node dissection.Results: The study included 295 patients with cT1 — 247 (83.7 %) and cT2 — 48 (16.3 %). Pathomorphological examination changed the T index in some patients: pT1 was found in 80.3 % of cases (n = 237); рТ2 — in 9.2 % (n = 27); рТ3 — in 10.5 % (n = 31). Central neck lymph nodes involvement was detected in 77 (26.1 %) out of 295 patients. There was a correlation between the frequency of metastases detection and the size of the primary tumor: 22.8 % (n = 54) of metastases with pT1, 33.3 % (n = 9) with pT2, and 45.2 % (n = 14) with pT3. Transient hypocalcemia was found in 32 % of patients with pT1, 69 % with pT2, and 84 % with pT3. Two patients had unilateral transient paresis of the larynx.Conclusions: Our analysis demonstrates that the preventive central neck lymph node dissection in patients with low grade thyroid cancer is an important component of surgical treatment, which allows to improve the treatment results with a possible subsequent reduction in the risk of distant progression. In this study 77 (26.1 %) of 295 patients had metastases in the lymph nodes of the central neck. The number of postoperative complications affecting the quality of life of patients was acceptable with 0.67 % of paresis of the larynx and 39 % of mild hypocalcemia.