Crystal structure, intermolecular interactions, charge–density distribution and ADME properties of the acridinium 4-nitrobenzoate and 2-amino-3-methylpyridinium 4-nitrobenzoate salts: a combined experimental and theoretical study

Abstract

Acridines are a class of bioactive agents which exhibit high biological stability and the ability to intercalate with DNA; they have a wide range of applications. Pyridine derivatives have a wide range of biological activities. To enhance the properties of acridine and 2-amino-3-methylpyridine as the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), 4-nitrobenzoic acid was chosen as a coformer. In the present study, a mixture of acridine and 4-nitrobenzoic acid forms the salt acridinium 4-nitrobenzoate, C₁₃H₁₀N⁺·C₇H₄NO₄⁻ (I), whereas a mixture of 2-amino-3-methylpyridine and 4-nitrobenzoic acid forms the salt 2-amino-3-methylpyridinium 4-nitrobenzoate, C₆H₉N₂⁺·C₇H₄NO₄⁻ (II). In both salts, protonation takes place at the ring N atom. The crystal structure of both salts is predominantly governed by hydrogen-bond interactions. In salt I, C—H…O and N—H…O interactions form an infinite chain in the crystal, whereas in salt II, intermolecular N—H…O interactions form an eight-membered R₂²(8) ring motif. A theoretical charge–density analysis reveals the charge–density distribution of the inter- and intramolecular interactions of both salts. An in-silico ADME analysis predicts the druglikeness properties of both salts and the results confirm that both salts are potential drug candidates with good bioavailability scores and there is no violation of the Lipinski rules, which supports the druglikeness properties of both salts. However, although both salts exhibit drug-like properties, salt I has higher gastrointestinal absorption than salt II and hence it may be considered a potential drug candidate.