A review on visible-light eye-tracking methods based on a low-cost camera

3区 计算机科学 Q1 Computer Science
Alberto J. Molina-Cantero, Clara Lebrato-Vázquez, Juan A. Castro-García, Manuel Merino-Monge, Félix Biscarri-Triviño, José I. Escudero-Fombuena
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Abstract

This paper is the first of a two-part study aiming at building a low-cost visible-light eye tracker (ET) for people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The whole study comprises several phases: (1) analysis of the scientific literature, (2) selection of the studies that better fit the main goal, (3) building the ET, and (4) testing with final users. This document basically contains the two first phases, in which more than 500 studies, from different scientific databases (IEEE Xplore, Scopus, SpringerLink, etc.), fulfilled the inclusion criteria, and were analyzed following the guidelines of a scoping review. Two researchers screened the searching results and selected 44 studies (-value = 0.86, Kappa Statistic). Three main methods (appearance-, feature- or model- based) were identified for visible-light ETs, but none significantly outperformed the others according to the reported accuracy -p = 0.14, Kruskal–Wallis test (KW)-. The feature-based method is abundant in the literature, although the number of appearance-based studies is increasing due to the use of deep learning techniques. Head movements worsen the accuracy in ETs, and only a very few numbers of studies considered the use of algorithms to correct the head pose. Even though head movements seem not to be a big issue for people with ALS, some slight head movements might be enough to worsen the ET accuracy. For this reason, only studies that did not constrain the head movements with a chinrest were considered. Five studies fulfilled the selection criteria with accuracies less than \(2^{\circ }\), and one of them is illuminance invariant.

Abstract Image

基于低成本相机的可见光眼球跟踪方法综述
本文是一项由两部分组成的研究的第一部分,旨在为肌萎缩性脊髓侧索硬化症(ALS)患者制造一种低成本的可见光眼球跟踪器(ET)。整个研究包括几个阶段:(1) 分析科学文献,(2) 选择更符合主要目标的研究,(3) 制作 ET,(4) 与最终用户进行测试。本文件基本上包含了前两个阶段的内容,在这两个阶段中,来自不同科学数据库(IEEE Xplore、Scopus、SpringerLink 等)的 500 多项研究符合纳入标准,并按照范围审查指南进行了分析。两名研究人员对搜索结果进行了筛选,选出了 44 项研究(-值 = 0.86,Kappa 统计学)。针对可见光 ET 确定了三种主要方法(基于外观、基于特征或基于模型),但从报告的准确性来看(P = 0.14,Kruskal-Wallis 检验 (KW)),没有一种方法明显优于其他方法。基于特征的方法在文献中大量存在,但由于深度学习技术的使用,基于外观的研究数量正在增加。头部移动会降低 ET 的准确性,只有极少数研究考虑使用算法来纠正头部姿势。尽管头部移动对 ALS 患者来说似乎不是一个大问题,但一些轻微的头部移动可能就足以导致 ET 准确性恶化。因此,我们只考虑了那些没有使用下巴托限制头部运动的研究。有五项研究符合选择标准,其准确度小于(2^{\circ }\),其中一项是光照不变的。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing
Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing COMPUTER SCIENCE, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCEC-COMPUTER SCIENCE, INFORMATION SYSTEMS
CiteScore
9.60
自引率
0.00%
发文量
854
期刊介绍: The purpose of JAIHC is to provide a high profile, leading edge forum for academics, industrial professionals, educators and policy makers involved in the field to contribute, to disseminate the most innovative researches and developments of all aspects of ambient intelligence and humanized computing, such as intelligent/smart objects, environments/spaces, and systems. The journal discusses various technical, safety, personal, social, physical, political, artistic and economic issues. The research topics covered by the journal are (but not limited to): Pervasive/Ubiquitous Computing and Applications Cognitive wireless sensor network Embedded Systems and Software Mobile Computing and Wireless Communications Next Generation Multimedia Systems Security, Privacy and Trust Service and Semantic Computing Advanced Networking Architectures Dependable, Reliable and Autonomic Computing Embedded Smart Agents Context awareness, social sensing and inference Multi modal interaction design Ergonomics and product prototyping Intelligent and self-organizing transportation networks & services Healthcare Systems Virtual Humans & Virtual Worlds Wearables sensors and actuators
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