Integrating density functional theory and chemical ionization mass spectrometry techniques to assess benzophenone derivatives in food packaging: implications for enhancing food quality and safety

Abstract

Benzophenone and related derivatives are widely used as photoinitiators for food packaging to cure inks or lacquers with ultraviolet (UV) light on cardboard and paper. However, there are concerns about the potential health risks of their migration into food. Knowing the physical and chemical properties of benzophenone and its derivatives could play a significant role in their quantification and analysis using chemical ionization mass spectrometry (CI-MS) methods. These parameters are evaluated using B3LYP/6-311++** density functional theory (DFT) implemented on Gaussian code. Ion–molecule chemistry through the selection of reagent ions, reaction energetics and kinetics, thermodynamic stability, and reactivity of molecules deemed to foster VOC identification and quantification via CI-MS techniques. The VOCs under study are expected to undergo exothermic reactions from H₃O⁺, NH₄⁺, NO⁺, and O₂⁺ ions, except endothermic proton transfer from NH₄⁺ to 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone and 2,3,4-trihydroxy benzophenone. These compounds possess less proton affinities than NH₃ and are least stable in their protonated forms. The DFT computed properties provide the basis for developing reliable and accurate methods to detect and measure the presence of benzophenone and its derivatives in packaging materials and food products.