Development of innovative tripartite partnership for China’s engagement in global health: recommendations from China-Tanzania Cooperation Project on Malaria Control
Xuejiao Ma, Shenning Lu, Wei Ding, Shanying Deng, Duoquan Wang, Ning Xiao, Yeromin Mlacha, Lewis Husain, Xiaonong Zhou
{"title":"Development of innovative tripartite partnership for China’s engagement in global health: recommendations from China-Tanzania Cooperation Project on Malaria Control","authors":"Xuejiao Ma, Shenning Lu, Wei Ding, Shanying Deng, Duoquan Wang, Ning Xiao, Yeromin Mlacha, Lewis Husain, Xiaonong Zhou","doi":"10.1186/s40249-024-01178-4","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p>Tripartite partnership, compared with the bilateral model, is envisioned as an opportunity to foster stronger and more trusting partnerships [1]. However, China has historically been characterized as principally reliant on bilateral engagement in global health [2]. The China-Tanzania Cooperation Project on Malaria Control was conducted by National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at China CDC and Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Ifakara Health Institute in Tanzania and funding agencies from 2015 to 2022, with an aim to explore the applicability of Chinese experience on malaria control to reduce malaria disease burden in the local context of Tanzania. In the tripartite project funded by the former UK Department for International Development (DFID) and later the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF), China’s partners were expected to share the extensively parallel practices achieved from the control and elimination of malaria for over 70 years, UK’s partners were to deliver resources and design global health strategies, while Tanzanian local staff collaborated with triangular partners to ensure the project implementation [3]. In the project, the trilateral cooperation has transparent management mechanism to ensure the concrete management and implementation of the project [4] (Additional file 1: Figure S1). This Brief is to provide recommendations for China’s engagement in global health by distilling the experience from the innovative tripartite partnership of the project.</p><p>Impressive achievements were made through the pioneering efforts of triangular stakeholders of the project: (1) 1,7-malaria Reactive Community-based Testing and Response (1,7-mRCTR) was successfully derived from local context sharing Chinese 1-3-7 norm through the field implementation; (2) malaria prevalence in the intervention wards declined by 81% from 2015 to 2018 and further declined by 55% from 2018 to 2022 [3]; (3) a local team composed of 37 Tanzanian community health workers were built to be paired with Chinese on-site technical staff to ensure the project implementation and sustainability[3]; (4) the project’s effectiveness and achievements contributed to the scaling up of 1,7-mRCTR in three other African countries including Burkina Faso, Senegal, and Zambia for sustainable development [4].</p><p>The project also encountered some challenges in this trilateral partnership, (1) China’s immature systems for global health engagement with scarce resources allocated to this innovative partnership [5], e.g. the complicated procedures of funding transfer from China to Tanzania, the time-consuming visa application for Chinese staff’s field support, and the scarce resources. Therefore, it is essential to mobilize resources for the trilateral collaboration with developing a solid system for China’s participation in global health. In order to effectively mobilize resources for these trilateral collaborations, it is imperative to develop a robust logistics system that underpins China's active participation in global health endeavors. This would necessitate the optimization of domestic structures and the introduction of supportive policies aimed at empowering the Chinese workforce to contribute to global health. For instance, simplifying bureaucratic procedures such as visa applications and the transfer of funds is crucial to ensure that the field work is executed without unnecessary delay.</p><p>(2) Limited competences and experiences for China’s global health workforce, e.g. lack of field practices due to limited resources and opportunities to develop competences to coordinate multiple stakeholders and ensure coherence across sectors after changing from bilateral assistance to multilateral global health cooperation [4]. It shall be necessary to strengthen global health competences by continuously enhancing the cross-cultural field practices through triangular cooperation<b>.</b> More opportunities to work abroad such as the triangular cooperation projects should be provided to the Chinese workforce in global health so they can gain practical knowledge in the field and become familiar with international regulations in a cross-cultural setting. In the project, the paired learning by doing approach might be an alternative way for competence enhancement [4]. What’s more, it’s indispensable to work on site with local personnel and different stakeholders at the frontline in the global health arena.</p><p>The innovative tripartite partnership may provide a model for China’s future engagement in global health cooperation. Scaling up tripartite partnerships for engagement in global health, China can leverage its strengths and technologies, while utilizing the advantages of other partners to address pressing global health challenges and promote sustainable development.</p><p>All the data came from the references.</p><dl><dt style=\"min-width:50px;\"><dfn>UK:</dfn></dt><dd>\n<p>United Kingdom</p>\n</dd><dt style=\"min-width:50px;\"><dfn>DFID:</dfn></dt><dd>\n<p>Department for International Development</p>\n</dd><dt style=\"min-width:50px;\"><dfn>BMGF:</dfn></dt><dd>\n<p>Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation</p>\n</dd><dt style=\"min-width:50px;\"><dfn>CDC:</dfn></dt><dd>\n<p>Center for Disease Control</p>\n</dd><dt style=\"min-width:50px;\"><dfn>1,7-mRCTR:</dfn></dt><dd>\n<p>1,7-Malaria Reactive Community-based Testing and Response</p>\n</dd></dl><ol data-track-component=\"outbound reference\"><li data-counter=\"1.\"><p>Huang A, Cao C, Xiao AY, Karemere H, Christian ME, Nicolas KK, Xue M, Tang K. Opportunities and challenges of trilateral South-South cooperation for transforming development assistance for health: evidence from a DRC–UNICEF–China maternal, newborn, and child health project. Glob Health. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-023-00934-9.</p><p>Article Google Scholar </p></li><li data-counter=\"2.\"><p>Liu P, Guo Y, Qian X, Tang S, Li Z, Chen L. China’s distinctive engagement in global health. Lancet. 2014;384(9945):793–804.</p><p>Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar </p></li><li data-counter=\"3.\"><p>Chang W, Cohen J, Wang DQ, Abdulla S, Mahende MK, Gavana T, Scott V, Msuya HM, Mwanyika-Sando M, Njau RJA, Lu SN, Temu S, Masanja H, Anthony W, Aregawi WM, Sunder N, Kun T, Bruxvoort K, Kitau J, Kihwele F, Chila G, Michael M, Castro M, Menzies NA, Kim S, Ning X, Zhou XN, Chaki P, Mlacha YP. Impact of 1,7-malaria reactive community-based testing and response (1,7-mRCTR) approach on malaria prevalence in Tanzania. Infect Dis Poverty. 2023;12(1):116.</p><p>Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar </p></li><li data-counter=\"4.\"><p>Wang X, Liu P, Xu T, et al. China-UK partnership for global health: practices and implications of the Global Health support Programme 2012–2019. Glob Health Res Policy. 2020;5:13.</p><p>Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar </p></li><li data-counter=\"5.\"><p>Husain L, Bloom G, McPherson S. The China-UK Global Health Support Programme: looking for new roles and partnerships in changing times. Glob Health Res Policy. 2020;5:26.</p><p>Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar </p></li></ol><p>Download references<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" role=\"img\" width=\"16\"><use xlink:href=\"#icon-eds-i-download-medium\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"></use></svg></p><p>We acknowledge all people who participated in the China-Tanzania Cooperation Project on Malaria Control.</p><p>The research is supported by China-UK-Tanzania Pilot Project on Malaria Control under the project No. GHSP-CS-OP4-D02, China-Tanzania Demonstration Project on Malaria Control supported by BMGF under the project No. INV-009832, China-Africa Cooperation Project on Malaria Control under the project No. 2020-C4-0002-3.</p><h3>Authors and Affiliations</h3><ol><li><p>National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research On Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China</p><p>Xuejiao Ma, Shenning Lu, Wei Ding, Duoquan Wang, Ning Xiao & Xiaonong Zhou</p></li><li><p>University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China</p><p>Shanying Deng</p></li><li><p>School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China</p><p>Duoquan Wang, Ning Xiao & Xiaonong Zhou</p></li><li><p>Ifakara Health Institute, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania</p><p>Yeromin Mlacha</p></li><li><p>Institute of Development Studies, Brighton, UK</p><p>Lewis Husain</p></li></ol><span>Authors</span><ol><li><span>Xuejiao Ma</span>View author publications<p>You can also search for this author in <span>PubMed<span> </span>Google Scholar</span></p></li><li><span>Shenning Lu</span>View author publications<p>You can also search for this author in <span>PubMed<span> </span>Google Scholar</span></p></li><li><span>Wei Ding</span>View author publications<p>You can also search for this author in <span>PubMed<span> </span>Google Scholar</span></p></li><li><span>Shanying Deng</span>View author publications<p>You can also search for this author in <span>PubMed<span> </span>Google Scholar</span></p></li><li><span>Duoquan Wang</span>View author publications<p>You can also search for this author in <span>PubMed<span> </span>Google Scholar</span></p></li><li><span>Ning Xiao</span>View author publications<p>You can also search for this author in <span>PubMed<span> </span>Google Scholar</span></p></li><li><span>Yeromin Mlacha</span>View author publications<p>You can also search for this author in <span>PubMed<span> </span>Google Scholar</span></p></li><li><span>Lewis Husain</span>View author publications<p>You can also search for this author in <span>PubMed<span> </span>Google Scholar</span></p></li><li><span>Xiaonong Zhou</span>View author publications<p>You can also search for this author in <span>PubMed<span> </span>Google Scholar</span></p></li></ol><h3>Contributions</h3><p>XNZ and NX conceived the article. DQW designed the framework and revised the paper. XJM and SNL wrote the first draft manuscript. LH and YM provided references and recommendations. WD and SYD revised the paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.</p><h3>Corresponding author</h3><p>Correspondence to Duoquan Wang.</p><h3>Ethics approval and consent to participate</h3>\n<p>Not applicable.</p>\n<h3>Consent for publication</h3>\n<p>Not applicable.</p>\n<h3>Competing interests</h3>\n<p>Xiao-Nong Zhou is the Editor-in-Chief of the journal <i>Infectious Diseases of Poverty</i>. He was not involved in the peer-review or handling of the manuscript. The authors have no other competing interests to disclose.</p><h3><b>Additional file 1: Figure S1.</b></h3><p> Tripartite partnership of China-Tanzania Cooperation Project on Malaria Control. <i>CN</i> China; <i>UK</i> United Kingdom; <i>BMGF</i> Bill& Melinda Gates Foundation; <i>TZ</i> Tanzania; <i>1,7-mRCTR</i> 1,7-malaria Reactive Community-based Testing and Response.</p><p><b>Open Access</b> This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.</p>\n<p>Reprints and permissions</p><img alt=\"Check for updates. 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0-.92-.08-1.33-.25-.41-.16-.77-.4-1.08-.7-.3-.31-.54-.69-.72-1.13-.17-.44-.26-.95-.26-1.52zm4.61-.62c0-.55-.11-.98-.34-1.28-.23-.31-.58-.47-1.06-.47-.41 0-.77.15-1.08.45-.31.29-.5.73-.57 1.3zm3.01 2.23c.31.24.61.43.92.57.3.13.63.2.98.2.38 0 .65-.08.83-.23s.27-.35.27-.6c0-.14-.05-.26-.13-.37-.08-.1-.2-.2-.34-.28-.14-.09-.29-.16-.47-.23l-.53-.22c-.23-.09-.46-.18-.69-.3-.23-.11-.44-.24-.62-.4s-.33-.35-.45-.55c-.12-.21-.18-.46-.18-.75 0-.61.23-1.1.68-1.49.44-.38 1.06-.57 1.83-.57.48 0 .91.08 1.29.25s.71.36.99.57l-.74.98c-.24-.17-.49-.32-.73-.42-.25-.11-.51-.16-.78-.16-.35 0-.6.07-.76.21-.17.15-.25.33-.25.54 0 .14.04.26.12.36s.18.18.31.26c.14.07.29.14.46.21l.54.19c.23.09.47.18.7.29s.44.24.64.4c.19.16.34.35.46.58.11.23.17.5.17.82 0 .3-.06.58-.17.83-.12.26-.29.48-.51.68-.23.19-.51.34-.84.45-.34.11-.72.17-1.15.17-.48 0-.95-.09-1.41-.27-.46-.19-.86-.41-1.2-.68z" fill="#535353"/></g></svg>\" width=\"57\"/><h3>Cite this article</h3><p>Ma, X., Lu, S., Ding, W. <i>et al.</i> Development of innovative tripartite partnership for China’s engagement in global health: recommendations from China-Tanzania Cooperation Project on Malaria Control. <i>Infect Dis Poverty</i> <b>13</b>, 22 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-024-01178-4</p><p>Download citation<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"16\" role=\"img\" width=\"16\"><use xlink:href=\"#icon-eds-i-download-medium\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"></use></svg></p><ul data-test=\"publication-history\"><li><p>Received<span>: </span><span><time datetime=\"2023-08-20\">20 August 2023</time></span></p></li><li><p>Accepted<span>: </span><span><time datetime=\"2024-01-15\">15 January 2024</time></span></p></li><li><p>Published<span>: </span><span><time datetime=\"2024-03-05\">05 March 2024</time></span></p></li><li><p>DOI</abbr><span>: </span><span>https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-024-01178-4</span></p></li></ul><h3>Share this article</h3><p>Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read 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Abstract
Tripartite partnership, compared with the bilateral model, is envisioned as an opportunity to foster stronger and more trusting partnerships [1]. However, China has historically been characterized as principally reliant on bilateral engagement in global health [2]. The China-Tanzania Cooperation Project on Malaria Control was conducted by National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at China CDC and Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Ifakara Health Institute in Tanzania and funding agencies from 2015 to 2022, with an aim to explore the applicability of Chinese experience on malaria control to reduce malaria disease burden in the local context of Tanzania. In the tripartite project funded by the former UK Department for International Development (DFID) and later the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF), China’s partners were expected to share the extensively parallel practices achieved from the control and elimination of malaria for over 70 years, UK’s partners were to deliver resources and design global health strategies, while Tanzanian local staff collaborated with triangular partners to ensure the project implementation [3]. In the project, the trilateral cooperation has transparent management mechanism to ensure the concrete management and implementation of the project [4] (Additional file 1: Figure S1). This Brief is to provide recommendations for China’s engagement in global health by distilling the experience from the innovative tripartite partnership of the project.
Impressive achievements were made through the pioneering efforts of triangular stakeholders of the project: (1) 1,7-malaria Reactive Community-based Testing and Response (1,7-mRCTR) was successfully derived from local context sharing Chinese 1-3-7 norm through the field implementation; (2) malaria prevalence in the intervention wards declined by 81% from 2015 to 2018 and further declined by 55% from 2018 to 2022 [3]; (3) a local team composed of 37 Tanzanian community health workers were built to be paired with Chinese on-site technical staff to ensure the project implementation and sustainability[3]; (4) the project’s effectiveness and achievements contributed to the scaling up of 1,7-mRCTR in three other African countries including Burkina Faso, Senegal, and Zambia for sustainable development [4].
The project also encountered some challenges in this trilateral partnership, (1) China’s immature systems for global health engagement with scarce resources allocated to this innovative partnership [5], e.g. the complicated procedures of funding transfer from China to Tanzania, the time-consuming visa application for Chinese staff’s field support, and the scarce resources. Therefore, it is essential to mobilize resources for the trilateral collaboration with developing a solid system for China’s participation in global health. In order to effectively mobilize resources for these trilateral collaborations, it is imperative to develop a robust logistics system that underpins China's active participation in global health endeavors. This would necessitate the optimization of domestic structures and the introduction of supportive policies aimed at empowering the Chinese workforce to contribute to global health. For instance, simplifying bureaucratic procedures such as visa applications and the transfer of funds is crucial to ensure that the field work is executed without unnecessary delay.
(2) Limited competences and experiences for China’s global health workforce, e.g. lack of field practices due to limited resources and opportunities to develop competences to coordinate multiple stakeholders and ensure coherence across sectors after changing from bilateral assistance to multilateral global health cooperation [4]. It shall be necessary to strengthen global health competences by continuously enhancing the cross-cultural field practices through triangular cooperation. More opportunities to work abroad such as the triangular cooperation projects should be provided to the Chinese workforce in global health so they can gain practical knowledge in the field and become familiar with international regulations in a cross-cultural setting. In the project, the paired learning by doing approach might be an alternative way for competence enhancement [4]. What’s more, it’s indispensable to work on site with local personnel and different stakeholders at the frontline in the global health arena.
The innovative tripartite partnership may provide a model for China’s future engagement in global health cooperation. Scaling up tripartite partnerships for engagement in global health, China can leverage its strengths and technologies, while utilizing the advantages of other partners to address pressing global health challenges and promote sustainable development.
All the data came from the references.
UK:
United Kingdom
DFID:
Department for International Development
BMGF:
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
CDC:
Center for Disease Control
1,7-mRCTR:
1,7-Malaria Reactive Community-based Testing and Response
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We acknowledge all people who participated in the China-Tanzania Cooperation Project on Malaria Control.
The research is supported by China-UK-Tanzania Pilot Project on Malaria Control under the project No. GHSP-CS-OP4-D02, China-Tanzania Demonstration Project on Malaria Control supported by BMGF under the project No. INV-009832, China-Africa Cooperation Project on Malaria Control under the project No. 2020-C4-0002-3.
Authors and Affiliations
National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research On Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
Duoquan Wang, Ning Xiao & Xiaonong Zhou
Ifakara Health Institute, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania
Yeromin Mlacha
Institute of Development Studies, Brighton, UK
Lewis Husain
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Contributions
XNZ and NX conceived the article. DQW designed the framework and revised the paper. XJM and SNL wrote the first draft manuscript. LH and YM provided references and recommendations. WD and SYD revised the paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Correspondence to Duoquan Wang.
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Competing interests
Xiao-Nong Zhou is the Editor-in-Chief of the journal Infectious Diseases of Poverty. He was not involved in the peer-review or handling of the manuscript. The authors have no other competing interests to disclose.
Additional file 1: Figure S1.
Tripartite partnership of China-Tanzania Cooperation Project on Malaria Control. CN China; UK United Kingdom; BMGF Bill& Melinda Gates Foundation; TZ Tanzania; 1,7-mRCTR 1,7-malaria Reactive Community-based Testing and Response.
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Ma, X., Lu, S., Ding, W. et al. Development of innovative tripartite partnership for China’s engagement in global health: recommendations from China-Tanzania Cooperation Project on Malaria Control. Infect Dis Poverty13, 22 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-024-01178-4
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UK:United KingdomDFID:Department for International DevelopmentBMGF:Bill & Melinda Gates FoundationCDC:Center for Disease Control1,7-mRCTR:1,7-Malaria Reactive Community-based Testing and ResponseHuang A, Cao C, Xiao AY, Karemere H, Christian ME, Nicolas KK, Xue M, Tang K.三边南南合作为转变卫生发展援助带来的机遇和挑战:来自刚果民主共和国-联合国儿童基金会-中国孕产妇、新生儿和儿童健康项目的证据。Glob Health.2023. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-023-00934-9.Article Google Scholar Liu P, Guo Y, Qian X, Tang S, Li Z, Chen L. China's distinctive engagement in global health.柳叶刀。2014;384(9945):793–804.文章发表于 PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Chang W, Cohen J, Wang DQ, Abdulla S, Mahende MK, Gavana T, Scott V, Msuya HM, Mwanyika-Sando M, Njau RJA, Lu SN, Temu S. Masanja H, Anthony W., Msuya HM, Mwanyika-Sando M, Njau RJA, Lu SN, Temu S., Msuya HM、Masanja H、Anthony W、Aregawi WM、Sunder N、Kun T、Bruxvoort K、Kitau J、Kihwele F、Chila G、Michael M、Castro M、Menzies NA、Kim S、Ning X、Zhou XN、Chaki P、Mlacha YP.1,7-疟疾反应性社区检测和反应(1,7-mRCTR)方法对坦桑尼亚疟疾流行的影响。Infect Dis Poverty.2023; 12(1):116.Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Wang X, Liu P, Xu T, et al. China-UK partnership for global health: Practices and implications of the Global Health support Programme 2012-2019.Glob Health Res Policy.2020; 5:13.Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Husain L, Bloom G, McPherson S. The China-UK Global Health Support Programme: Looking for new roles and partnerships in changing times.Glob Health Res Policy.2020;5:26.文章PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar 下载参考文献我们感谢所有参与中国-坦桑尼亚疟疾控制合作项目的人员。本研究得到了中国-英国-坦桑尼亚疟疾控制试点项目(项目编号:GHSP-CS-OP4-D02)、BMGF支持的中国-坦桑尼亚疟疾控制示范项目(项目编号:INV-009832)、中非疟疾控制合作项目(项目编号:2020-C4-0002-3)的支持。作者和单位中国疾病预防控制中心寄生虫病所(中国热带病研究中心)、国家卫生计生委寄生虫与媒介生物学重点实验室、世界卫生组织热带病合作中心、国家热带病国际研究中心,上海,马雪娇,陆申宁,丁伟,王多全,肖宁&;周晓农 中国香港,香港大学 邓山英 中国上海,上海交通大学医学院全球健康学院、中国热带病研究中心 王多全、肖宁、周晓农 中国上海,上海交通大学医学院全球健康学院、中国热带病研究中心Xiaonong Zhou Ifakara Health Institute, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania Yeromin MlachaInstitute of Development Studies, Brighton、作者:Lewis Husain作者:Xuejiao Ma查看作者发表的文章您也可以在PubMed Google Scholar中搜索该作者Shenning Lu查看作者发表的文章您也可以在PubMed Google Scholar中搜索该作者Wei Ding查看作者发表的文章您也可以在PubMed Google Scholar中搜索该作者Shaning Deng查看作者发表的文章您也可以在PubMed Google Scholar中搜索该作者Duoquan Wang查看作者发表的文章您也可以在PubMed Google Scholar中搜索该作者发表作品您也可以在PubMed Google Scholar中搜索该作者肖宁查看作者发表作品您也可以在PubMed Google Scholar中搜索该作者Yeromin Mlacha查看作者发表作品您也可以在PubMed Google Scholar中搜索该作者Lewis Husain查看作者发表作品您也可以在PubMed Google Scholar中搜索该作者周晓农查看作者发表作品您也可以在PubMed Google Scholar中搜索该作者ContributionsXNZ和NX构思了这篇文章。DQW设计了框架并修改了论文。XJM和SNL撰写了手稿初稿。LH和YM提供了参考文献和建议。WD和SYD修改了论文。伦理批准和参与同意书不适用。发表同意书不适用。利益冲突周晓农是《贫困传染病》杂志的主编。他没有参与稿件的同行评审或处理。作者没有其他需要披露的利益冲突:图 S1.中国-坦桑尼亚疟疾控制合作项目三方伙伴关系。CN 中国; UK 英国; BMGF 比尔盖茨基金会; TZ 坦桑尼亚; 1,7-mRCTR 1,7-malaria Reactive Community-based Testing and Response.开放存取 本文采用知识共享署名 4.0(Creative Commons Attribution 4.0)模式许可。 创作共用 "许可协议允许以任何媒介或格式使用、共享、改编、分发和复制文章,但必须注明原作者和出处,提供指向 "创作共用 "许可协议的链接,并说明是否进行了修改。本文中的图片或其他第三方材料均包含在文章的知识共享许可协议中,除非在材料的署名栏中另有说明。如果材料未包含在文章的知识共享许可协议中,且您打算使用的材料不符合法律规定或超出许可使用范围,则您需要直接从版权所有者处获得许可。如需查看该许可的副本,请访问 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/。创意共享公共领域专用免责声明(http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/)适用于本文中提供的数据,除非在数据的贷方行中另有说明。转载与许可引用本文马旭、卢小玲、丁文等:《中国参与全球卫生事业创新三方伙伴关系的发展:中国-坦桑尼亚疟疾控制合作项目的建议》。Infect Dis Poverty 13, 22 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-024-01178-4Download citationReceived:20 August 2023Accepted:15 January 2024Published: 05 March 2024DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-024-01178-4Share this articleAnyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:Get shareable linkSorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.Copy to clipboard Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative.
期刊介绍:
Infectious Diseases of Poverty is a peer-reviewed, open access journal that focuses on essential public health questions related to infectious diseases of poverty. It covers a wide range of topics and methods, including the biology of pathogens and vectors, diagnosis and detection, treatment and case management, epidemiology and modeling, zoonotic hosts and animal reservoirs, control strategies and implementation, new technologies, and their application.
The journal also explores the impact of transdisciplinary or multisectoral approaches on health systems, ecohealth, environmental management, and innovative technologies. It aims to provide a platform for the exchange of research and ideas that can contribute to the improvement of public health in resource-limited settings.
In summary, Infectious Diseases of Poverty aims to address the urgent challenges posed by infectious diseases in impoverished populations. By publishing high-quality research in various areas, the journal seeks to advance our understanding of these diseases and contribute to the development of effective strategies for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.