Lifestyle Factors and Cancer: A Narrative Review

Reya Sharman MD, MPH , Zoey Harris MD , Brenda Ernst MD , Dawn Mussallem DO , Ashley Larsen MS , Krisstina Gowin DO
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Abstract

Lifestyle factors and their impact on cancer prevention, prognosis, and survivorship are increasingly recognized in the medical literature. Lifestyle factors are primarily defined here as diet and physical activity. We conducted a narrative review of the primary published data, including randomized controlled trials and prospective studies, on the impact of primary lifestyle factors on oncogenesis and clinical outcomes in the preventative and survivorship setting. First, we discuss the oncogenic mechanisms behind primary lifestyle factors (diet, physical activity and, within these 2, obesity). Then, we discuss the impact of adherence to lifestyle guidelines and dietary patterns on cancer incidence based on primary data. Owing to the plethora of published literature, to summarize the data in a more efficient manner, we describe the role of physical activity on cancer incidence using summative systematic reviews. We end by synthesizing the primary data on lifestyle factors in the survivorship setting and conclude with potential future directions. In brief, the various large-scale studies investigating the role diet and physical activity have reported a beneficial effect on cancer prevention and survivorship. Although the impact of single lifestyle factors on cancer incidence risk reduction is generally supported, holistic approaches to address the potential synergistic impact of multiple lifestyle factors together in concert is limited. Future research to identify the potentially synergistic effects of lifestyle modifications on oncogenesis and clinical outcomes is needed, particularly in cancer subtypes beyond colorectal and breast cancers.

生活方式因素与癌症:叙述性综述
生活方式因素及其对癌症预防、预后和生存的影响在医学文献中得到越来越多的认可。这里的生活方式因素主要指饮食和体育锻炼。我们对已发表的主要数据进行了叙述性综述,包括随机对照试验和前瞻性研究,内容涉及主要生活方式因素对肿瘤发生的影响以及预防和生存期的临床结果。首先,我们讨论了主要生活方式因素(饮食、体育锻炼和肥胖)背后的致癌机制。然后,我们根据原始数据讨论遵守生活方式指南和饮食模式对癌症发病率的影响。由于已发表的文献众多,为了更有效地总结数据,我们采用总结性系统综述的方法来描述体育锻炼对癌症发病率的作用。最后,我们综合了有关幸存者生活方式因素的原始数据,并总结了未来的潜在发展方向。简而言之,对饮食和体育锻炼的作用进行调查的各种大规模研究报告称,饮食和体育锻炼对癌症预防和生存有好处。虽然单一生活方式因素对降低癌症发病风险的影响得到普遍支持,但解决多种生活方式因素协同作用的潜在协同影响的整体方法却很有限。未来需要开展研究,以确定生活方式的改变对肿瘤发生和临床结果的潜在协同作用,特别是在结直肠癌和乳腺癌以外的癌症亚型中。
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来源期刊
Mayo Clinic proceedings. Innovations, quality & outcomes
Mayo Clinic proceedings. Innovations, quality & outcomes Surgery, Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine, Public Health and Health Policy
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