Investigating the Effects of Melittin-Loaded Pectin as Novel Anti Breast Cancer Drug to Increase the Apoptosis Rate

Abstract

The peptide melittin is a promising possibility for cancer treatment. The present research evaluated the anticancer impact in vitro on breast cell lines using melittin, melittin-loaded pectin, and blank pectin. The “thin-layer hydration approach” was employed for generating the pectines; several melittin pectinal formulations were developed and studied in shape, size, polydispersity index, entrapment effectiveness, release kinetics, and stability. Breast cancer cells were tested using the hemolytic ability method, flow cytometry, the MTT test, the soft agar colony method, and wound healing analysis. The gene’s transcription was determined using real-time PCR (P < 0.05). Due to improved targeting, the effectiveness of encapsulation (83.57 ± 1.06), PDI (0.298 ± 0.65), and release percentage, as well as a significant anticancer impact on cell lines, this research demonstrated that melittin-loaded pectin is an adequate replacement in the treatment of breast cancer. The melittin-loaded pectin has a more significant impact on gene transcription in the examined cells than in other samples; it up-regulates the transcription of the Bax, P57, caspase3, and caspase9 genes while down-regulating the transcription of the MMP2, MMP2, and MMP9 genes (P < 0.05). In addition, compared to the melittin samples, they increased the apoptosis rate (by more than 40%) and hindered the invasion and migration of both cell lines. Our research has conclusively shown that melittin plasmid-loaded pectin has more anticancer properties than free melittin. This study has shown that pectins are appropriate vesicle transporters for melittin in contrast to the free form.