The Use of the Titanium Tetrachloride (Ticl4) Catalysts as a Reagent for Organic Synthesis

IF 0.9 Q4 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Current Organocatalysis Pub Date : 2024-02-07 DOI:10.2174/0122133372288854240129052155

Sharwan Hudda, Pankaj Wadhwa, Mukta Gupta, Manish Chaudhary, Lakhan Lakhujani

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

TiCl4 is a widely utilized reagent in organic synthesis, often functioning through Lewis’s acid-promoted transformations. This review explores the potential for TiCl4 to catalyse various examples, adhering to the classic catalyst definition and allowing for the use of sub-stoichiometric quantities of the catalyst relative to the substrate. The use of metal catalysts in organic synthesis has witnessed a surge in interest due to their ability to facilitate a wide range of chemical reactions. This review article highlights the significance of titanium metal catalysts via comparison with other metal catalysts like Pd [NO3]2, IrO4, Au/Fe2O3, SnCl2, and AlCl3. Among these catalysts, titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) has gained considerable popularity for its cost-effectiveness, eco-friendliness, enhancing reaction efficiency, and ability to accelerate reactions while reducing reaction times. This comparison helps in determining the most suitable catalyst for different chemical processes, considering efficiency, safety, and economic factors. TiCl4 operates as a non-consumable catalyst, allowing for the use of sub-stoichiometric quantities relative to the substrate. This review discusses TiCl4's applications, efficiency, and mechanisms in organic synthesis. It distinguishes itself by presenting new applications and comparative efficiencies of TiCl4, delving into detailed reaction mechanisms, and discussing its environmental, economic, and safety aspects. TiCl4's role in pivotal chemical reactions, such as Friedel-Crafts acylation and alkylation, epoxidation, cyclization, Mannich reactions, Suzuki-Miyaura reactions, Pechmann condensation, Knoevenagel condensation, anti-Markovnikov hydration, pinacol coupling, and Diels-Alder reactions. These reactions have led to the synthesis of biologically active compounds like zolmitriptan, ropinirole, risperidone, and rivastigmine. TiCl4-catalyzed reactions are characterized by their mild conditions, high efficiency, and selectivity, making them an attractive choice for modern organic cyclic, acyclic, and heterocyclic synthesis.

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将四氯化钛（Ticl4）催化剂用作有机合成试剂

TiCl4 是一种在有机合成中广泛使用的试剂，通常通过路易斯糖促进转化发挥作用。本综述探讨了 TiCl4 催化各种实例的潜力，遵循经典的催化剂定义，并允许使用相对于底物的亚化学计量催化剂。本综述文章通过与 Pd [NO3]2、IrO4、Au/Fe2O3、SnCl2 和 AlCl3 等其他金属催化剂的比较，强调了金属钛催化剂的重要性。在这些催化剂中，四氯化钛 (TiCl4) 因其成本效益高、环保、提高反应效率、加速反应并缩短反应时间等优点而广受欢迎。这种比较有助于在考虑效率、安全和经济因素的情况下，确定最适合不同化学工艺的催化剂。本综述讨论了 TiCl4 在有机合成中的应用、效率和机理。本综述通过介绍 TiCl4 的新应用和对比效率，深入探讨详细的反应机理，并讨论其环境、经济和安全方面的问题，使其与众不同。TiCl4 在关键化学反应中的作用，如 Friedel-Crafts 丙烯酸化和烷基化、环氧化、环化、曼尼希反应、Suzuki-Miyaura 反应、Pechmann 缩合、Knoevenagel 缩合、反马尔科夫尼科夫水合、频哪醇偶联和 Diels-Alder 反应。这些反应导致了具有生物活性的化合物的合成，如唑米普坦、罗匹尼罗、利培酮和利伐斯的明。TiCl4 催化反应具有条件温和、效率高和选择性强等特点，是现代有机环、无环和杂环合成的理想选择。

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来源期刊

Current Organocatalysis CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL-

CiteScore

2.00

自引率

0.00%

发文量

期刊介绍： Current Organocatalysis is an international peer-reviewed journal that publishes significant research in all areas of organocatalysis. The journal covers organo homogeneous/heterogeneous catalysis, innovative mechanistic studies and kinetics of organocatalytic processes focusing on practical, theoretical and computational aspects. It also includes potential applications of organocatalysts in the fields of drug discovery, synthesis of novel molecules, synthetic method development, green chemistry and chemoenzymatic reactions. This journal also accepts papers on methods, reagents, and mechanism of a synthetic process and technology pertaining to chemistry. Moreover, this journal features full-length/mini review articles within organocatalysis and synthetic chemistry. It is the premier source of organocatalysis and synthetic methods related information for chemists, biologists and engineers pursuing research in industry and academia.