Attachment to parental figures in emerging adults from Brazil, India, and Nigeria: Associations with anxiety and depressive symptoms

A. S. Rivers, Payne Winston-Lindeboom, Guy Weissinger, N. Watkins, Linda Ruan-Iu
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Abstract

Attachment theory suggests that experiences with parents and other caregivers are relevant for psychological functioning into adulthood, especially in relation to anxiety and depressive symptoms. However, this work has largely focused on Western countries and has often neglected relationships with paternal figures. The goal of the current study was to test four competing models of parental figure attachment (monotropy, only one attachment relates to symptoms; hierarchical, one attachment is more strongly related to symptoms; independence, both attachments are uniquely important in different ways; and integration, both attachments are uniquely important and interactive) in emerging adults from three countries with different cultures and family structures. We recruited 324 Brazilian, 309 Indian, and 319 Nigerian emerging adults using the online survey platform BeSample. Participants reported attachment to parental figures (maternal and/or paternal), anxiety symptoms, and depressive symptoms. Response surface analyses were tested in each country separately. In general, the results supported an integration model with significant interactions between parental figures. However, the direction of this interaction, as well as the presence of non-linear effects, differed by country. Our results suggest caregiver attachment remains relevant for individuals during the transition to young adulthood but with cultural variations.
巴西、印度和尼日利亚新兴成人对父母形象的依恋:焦虑和抑郁症状的关联
依恋理论认为,与父母和其他照顾者的经历与成年后的心理功能有关,特别是与焦虑和抑郁症状有关。然而,这些研究主要集中在西方国家,而且往往忽视了与父亲的关系。本研究的目的是在来自三个不同文化和家庭结构国家的新成人中测试父母形象依恋的四种相互竞争的模式(单一性,只有一种依恋与症状有关;等级性,一种依恋与症状的关系更密切;独立性,两种依恋以不同的方式具有独特的重要性;整合性,两种依恋具有独特的重要性和互动性)。我们通过在线调查平台 BeSample 招募了 324 名巴西、309 名印度和 319 名尼日利亚新成人。参与者报告了对父母(母亲和/或父亲)的依恋、焦虑症状和抑郁症状。对每个国家分别进行了响应面分析测试。总体而言,结果支持父母形象之间存在显著交互作用的整合模型。然而,这种相互作用的方向以及非线性效应的存在因国家而异。我们的研究结果表明,在向青年期过渡的过程中,照顾者依恋对个人仍然具有相关性,但存在文化差异。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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