Life in the Cambrian shallows: Exceptionally preserved arthropod and mollusk microfossils from the early Cambrian of Sweden

Geology Pub Date : 2024-01-25 DOI:10.1130/g51829.1
Ben J. Slater
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Abstract

Burgess Shale−type (BST) Lagerstätten record an exceptional variety of Cambrian soft-bodied fauna, yet these deposits are typically restricted to outboard depositional settings >1000 km from the paleocoastline. For shallow, well-oxygenated shelf environments, our knowledge of non-mineralized animals (the majority of diversity) is severely limited, giving rise to substantial bias in our perception of Cambrian biotas. An alternate means of detecting soft-bodied Cambrian fauna, independent of paleobathymetry, is to use acid maceration to extract microscopic organic remains of non-mineralized animals, known as “small carbonaceous fossils” (SCFs). Here, a hitherto unknown diversity of Cambrian arthropod and mollusk remains are reported from shallow-marine sediments (Cambrian Stage 3 Mickwitzia Sandstone, Sweden). These microfossils comprise a variety of arthropod cuticles preserving sub-micron-scale anatomy alongside abundant radular mouthparts from mollusks—among the oldest known arthropod and molluscan SCFs on record. Significantly, at least three distinct types of fossil radula are identifiable (uniseriate, distichous, and polystichous forms), revealing that substantial diversification of the basic molluscan radula had already taken place by the early Cambrian. These cryptic elements of the biota—otherwise undetectable in such deposits—offer novel insights into Cambrian primary consumers as well as aspects of the fauna that are absent from deeper-water BST deposits.
寒武纪浅滩中的生命瑞典早寒武纪保存完好的节肢动物和软体动物微化石
伯吉斯页岩型(Burgess Shale-type,BST)拉格斯塔特(Lagerstätten)记录了种类繁多的寒武纪软体动物群,但这些沉积通常仅限于距古海岸线大于 1000 公里的外侧沉积环境。对于浅海、氧气充足的陆架环境,我们对非矿化动物(多样性的主体)的了解非常有限,这导致我们对寒武纪生物群落的认识存在很大偏差。另一种独立于古生物测定的探测软体寒武纪动物群的方法是使用酸浸渍法提取非矿化动物的微小有机残骸,即 "小型碳质化石"(SCFs)。本文报告了迄今未知的寒武纪节肢动物和软体动物遗骸的多样性,它们来自浅海沉积物(瑞典寒武纪第三期米克维茨亚砂岩)。这些微化石包括各种节肢动物的角质层,保留了亚微米尺度的解剖结构,以及大量软体动物的放射状口器--是有记录以来已知最古老的节肢动物和软体动物 SCFs。值得注意的是,至少有三种不同类型的桡足类化石(单列、双列和多列)可以识别,这揭示了基本的软体动物桡足类在寒武纪早期已经发生了实质性的多样化。这些隐秘的生物群落--否则在这类沉积物中是无法检测到的--提供了关于寒武纪初级消费者的新见解,以及深水 BST 沉积物中所没有的动物群方面。
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