{"title":"Estimating blood volume on dried blood spots","authors":"Sung-Hee Seo, Stuart Batterman","doi":"10.1016/j.forc.2024.100552","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Archived dried blood spots (DBSs) collected by newborn screening programs represent a potentially valuable resource for assessing chemical exposure of newborns. Moreover, collection, storage, and transport of DBSs are easier and cheaper than standard venipuncture protocols. However, quantitative exposure assessment requires knowledge of the blood volume, which can vary considerably on DBSs. We present a method to estimate the volume of fresh blood originally deposited on DBSs and update the forensic literature regarding the ratio of fresh blood volume to dry blood weight. The weight of the blood residue is determined using the area and areal density of the DBS corrected by an unused section of the same card. Density is determined by cutting out the DBS, scanning and digitizing the image, and applying a mask to improve consistency. Blood volume is calculated as the product of the residue weight and fresh blood volume/dried blood weight ratio for the age-specific hematocrit level. Tests using DBSs prepared with 30 to 100 µL of blood showed excellent agreement. The method was applied to 352 archived neonatal DBSs dating from 2008 through 2023. The estimated fresh blood volume averaged 98 µL, close to the expected value, and followed a lognormal distribution (range: 28 to 199 µL); no differences were found for sex or DBS age. The proposed approach is simple, accurate, and inexpensive, and can facilitate the use of archived DBSs for quantitative and retrospective exposure assessment. Additionally, it is applicable for forensic applications examining bloodstains on cloth, paper, and other materials.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":324,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Chemistry","volume":"37 ","pages":"Article 100552"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6000,"publicationDate":"2024-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468170924000043/pdfft?md5=391d0a21c98c409eb78c8519739ba59b&pid=1-s2.0-S2468170924000043-main.pdf","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Forensic Chemistry","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468170924000043","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Archived dried blood spots (DBSs) collected by newborn screening programs represent a potentially valuable resource for assessing chemical exposure of newborns. Moreover, collection, storage, and transport of DBSs are easier and cheaper than standard venipuncture protocols. However, quantitative exposure assessment requires knowledge of the blood volume, which can vary considerably on DBSs. We present a method to estimate the volume of fresh blood originally deposited on DBSs and update the forensic literature regarding the ratio of fresh blood volume to dry blood weight. The weight of the blood residue is determined using the area and areal density of the DBS corrected by an unused section of the same card. Density is determined by cutting out the DBS, scanning and digitizing the image, and applying a mask to improve consistency. Blood volume is calculated as the product of the residue weight and fresh blood volume/dried blood weight ratio for the age-specific hematocrit level. Tests using DBSs prepared with 30 to 100 µL of blood showed excellent agreement. The method was applied to 352 archived neonatal DBSs dating from 2008 through 2023. The estimated fresh blood volume averaged 98 µL, close to the expected value, and followed a lognormal distribution (range: 28 to 199 µL); no differences were found for sex or DBS age. The proposed approach is simple, accurate, and inexpensive, and can facilitate the use of archived DBSs for quantitative and retrospective exposure assessment. Additionally, it is applicable for forensic applications examining bloodstains on cloth, paper, and other materials.
期刊介绍：
Forensic Chemistry publishes high quality manuscripts focusing on the theory, research and application of any chemical science to forensic analysis. The scope of the journal includes fundamental advancements that result in a better understanding of the evidentiary significance derived from the physical and chemical analysis of materials. The scope of Forensic Chemistry will also include the application and or development of any molecular and atomic spectrochemical technique, electrochemical techniques, sensors, surface characterization techniques, mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance, chemometrics and statistics, and separation sciences (e.g. chromatography) that provide insight into the forensic analysis of materials. Evidential topics of interest to the journal include, but are not limited to, fingerprint analysis, drug analysis, ignitable liquid residue analysis, explosives detection and analysis, the characterization and comparison of trace evidence (glass, fibers, paints and polymers, tapes, soils and other materials), ink and paper analysis, gunshot residue analysis, synthetic pathways for drugs, toxicology and the analysis and chemistry associated with the components of fingermarks. The journal is particularly interested in receiving manuscripts that report advances in the forensic interpretation of chemical evidence. Technology Readiness Level: When submitting an article to Forensic Chemistry, all authors will be asked to self-assign a Technology Readiness Level (TRL) to their article. The purpose of the TRL system is to help readers understand the level of maturity of an idea or method, to help track the evolution of readiness of a given technique or method, and to help filter published articles by the expected ease of implementation in an operation setting within a crime lab.
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