Additive manufacturing of patient specific bolus for radiotherapy: large scale production and quality assurance.

IF 4.6 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, BIOMATERIALS
ACS Applied Bio Materials Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2024-01-29 DOI:10.1007/s13246-024-01385-1
Deepak Basaula, Barry Hay, Mark Wright, Lisa Hall, Alan Easdon, Peter McWiggan, Adam Yeo, Elena Ungureanu, Tomas Kron
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Abstract

Bolus is commonly used to improve dose distributions in radiotherapy in particular if dose to skin must be optimised such as in breast or head and neck cancer. We are documenting four years of experience with 3D printed bolus at a large cancer centre. In addition to this we review the quality assurance (QA) program developed to support it. More than 2000 boluses were produced between Nov 2018 and Feb 2023 using fused deposition modelling (FDM) printing with polylactic acid (PLA) on up to five Raise 3D printers. Bolus is designed in the radiotherapy treatment planning system (Varian Eclipse), exported to an STL file followed by pre-processing. After checking each bolus with CT scanning initially we now produce standard quality control (QC) wedges every month and whenever a major change in printing processes occurs. A database records every bolus printed and manufacturing details. It takes about 3 days from designing the bolus in the planning system to delivering it to treatment. A 'premium' PLA material (Spidermaker) was found to be best in terms of homogeneity and CT number consistency (80 HU +/- 8HU). Most boluses were produced for photon beams (93.6%) with the rest used for electrons. We process about 120 kg of PLA per year with a typical bolus weighing less than 500 g and the majority of boluses 5 mm thick. Print times are proportional to bolus weight with about 24 h required for 500 g material deposited. 3D printing using FDM produces smooth and reproducible boluses. Quality control is essential but can be streamlined.

Abstract Image

用于放射治疗的患者专用栓剂的增材制造:大规模生产和质量保证。
栓剂通常用于改善放疗中的剂量分布,尤其是在必须优化皮肤剂量的情况下,如乳腺癌或头颈癌。我们记录了一家大型癌症中心四年来使用 3D 打印栓剂的经验。此外,我们还回顾了为支持该项目而开发的质量保证(QA)程序。2018 年 11 月至 2023 年 2 月期间,我们在多达五台 Raise 3D 打印机上使用聚乳酸(PLA)熔融沉积建模(FDM)打印技术生产了 2000 多个栓剂。栓剂在放疗治疗计划系统(瓦里安 Eclipse)中设计,导出为 STL 文件,然后进行预处理。在最初使用 CT 扫描检查每个栓剂后,我们现在每个月都会制作标准质量控制 (QC) 楔形,每当打印流程发生重大变化时也会制作标准质量控制 (QC) 楔形。数据库记录了每个栓塞的印刷和制造细节。从在计划系统中设计栓塞到将其交付治疗,大约需要 3 天时间。我们发现,"优质 "聚乳酸材料(Spidermaker)在均匀性和 CT 数值一致性(80 HU +/- 8HU)方面表现最佳。大部分栓剂用于光子束(93.6%),其余用于电子束。我们每年加工约 120 公斤聚乳酸,典型的栓塞重量不到 500 克,大部分栓塞厚度为 5 毫米。打印时间与坯料重量成正比,沉积 500 克材料大约需要 24 小时。使用 FDM 进行三维打印可生产出光滑且可重复的栓剂。质量控制至关重要,但可以简化。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
ACS Applied Bio Materials
ACS Applied Bio Materials Chemistry-Chemistry (all)
CiteScore
9.40
自引率
2.10%
发文量
464
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