Highly efficient catalyzed by imidazolium-based dual-sulfonic acid functionalized ionic liquids for liquid phase Beckmann rearrangement: experiments and COSMO-RS calculations

Abstract

A production technique with the high yield and environmentally friendly process need be developed for ε-Caprolactam (CPL) in the chemical industry. This technology is highly desired to design and synthesize high−performance catalysts for liquid phase Beckmann rearrangement of cyclohexanone oxime (CHO) to CPL. In this work, 3-methyl-1-(propyl-4-sulfonyl) imidazolium methanesulfonate ([PHSO₃MIM][MSA]) with highly efficient and excellent yield is synthesized successfully. When the optimum molar ratio of ZnCl₂ over [PHSO₃MIM][MSA] was 0.02, it exhibits the high selectivity (94%) of CPL at 90 °C for 1 h. Interestingly, Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) investigations show that the functional Brønsted−Lewis acidic types of ionic liquids (ILs) are formed by the uniformly distributed ZnCl₂ and [PHSO₃MIM][MSA]. In addition, the hydrogen bond (H-bond) is formed between CHO and ILs. After ten reaction cycles, no significant structure changes are observed in the recovered [PHSO₃MIM][MSA]·ZnCl₂. The solubilities of ILs are predicted by using COSMO-RS model, the results show that [PHSO₃MIM][MSA] is a promising candidate for the liquid phase Beckmann rearrangement of CHO into CPL. Finally, a theoretical model of the H-bond interactions between ILs and CHO is further confirmed to support the advance of reaction mechanism. A feasible way is provided for the CPL production technique in the liquid phase Beckmann rearrangement reaction.