Applying network analysis to measure functional diversity in food webs

Abstract

Functional diversity is the heterogeneity in the functional roles of organisms in an ecosystem. Because the morphological traits of species dictate their functional roles, morphological trait diversity has traditionally been used as a proxy for functional diversity. However, species are embedded in a food web and their functional roles also depend on their network positions therein, therefore we argue that functional diversity can also be viewed from a network perspective. We therefore analysed food webs derived from 92 aquatic ecosystems. For every species in a food web, we measured its network position using several indices. Each of the indices emphasize a specific network characteristic, and we consequently call them “species network traits”. We then subjected these network traits to conventional functional diversity analysis to quantify the network-based functional diversity of an ecosystem. We show that high network-based functional diversity is typical of food webs with large network size, sparse in their organization, highly modular structure, or low network cohesion. We further show that our network-based functional diversity correlates weakly with its conventional morphological trait-based counterpart, and thus it provides an additional view on ecological functioning.