{"title":"Energy-minimizing 3D circular trajectory optimization of rotary-wing UAV under probabilistic path-loss in constrained hotspot environments","authors":"Enzo Baccarelli, Michele Scarpiniti, Alireza Momenzadeh","doi":"10.1016/j.vehcom.2024.100730","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this paper, we consider a Software Defined Networking (SDN)/Network Function Virtualized (NFV) networked computing system, which is composed of a serving Rotary Wing (RW) Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), a Ground Controller Station (GCS) and a number of resource-limited (possibly, heterogeneous) Ground Users (GUs) that randomly move in environments affected by fading-induced probabilistic path-loss. The focus of this paper is on the joint and adaptive optimization of the 3D trajectory parameters (i.e., altitude, radius, and speed) of the RW-UAV that circulates over the served hotspot area for providing communication and/or computing support to the GUs. The objective is the minimization of the RW-UAV propulsion energy under constraints on the maximum allowed average path-loss, maximum tolerated outage probability, and finite beam-width of the UAV antenna. Due to the acceleration-dependent terms present in the considered RW-UAV energy propulsion model, the formulated problem is non-convex, and up to now, its solution still appears not to be addressed in the literature. Hence, to tackle this challenging problem: 1) we develop a (seemingly new) convexification approach to turn the problem into a Geometric Programming (GP) one; 2) after characterizing the related feasibility conditions, we develop an adaptive solving approach that relies on primal-dual gradient-based iterations; and, then, 3) we perform a joint co-design of the main blocks of the SDN/NFV-based communication/computing architectures equipping the serving RW-UAV and controlling GCS, in order to provide support for the orchestration of the computing/communication microservices possibly required by the served GUs. The conducted numerical tests confirm that the performance gains of the proposed optimization framework against the ones of a number of baselines may reach 22%, while the corresponding performance gaps against the ultimate performance of a brute force search-based benchmark remain typically limited up to 3%-4%.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54346,"journal":{"name":"Vehicular Communications","volume":"46 ","pages":"Article 100730"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8000,"publicationDate":"2024-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214209624000056/pdfft?md5=2b7b42488c6d6627ec0c3842a231a8ba&pid=1-s2.0-S2214209624000056-main.pdf","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Vehicular Communications","FirstCategoryId":"94","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214209624000056","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"TELECOMMUNICATIONS","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
In this paper, we consider a Software Defined Networking (SDN)/Network Function Virtualized (NFV) networked computing system, which is composed of a serving Rotary Wing (RW) Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), a Ground Controller Station (GCS) and a number of resource-limited (possibly, heterogeneous) Ground Users (GUs) that randomly move in environments affected by fading-induced probabilistic path-loss. The focus of this paper is on the joint and adaptive optimization of the 3D trajectory parameters (i.e., altitude, radius, and speed) of the RW-UAV that circulates over the served hotspot area for providing communication and/or computing support to the GUs. The objective is the minimization of the RW-UAV propulsion energy under constraints on the maximum allowed average path-loss, maximum tolerated outage probability, and finite beam-width of the UAV antenna. Due to the acceleration-dependent terms present in the considered RW-UAV energy propulsion model, the formulated problem is non-convex, and up to now, its solution still appears not to be addressed in the literature. Hence, to tackle this challenging problem: 1) we develop a (seemingly new) convexification approach to turn the problem into a Geometric Programming (GP) one; 2) after characterizing the related feasibility conditions, we develop an adaptive solving approach that relies on primal-dual gradient-based iterations; and, then, 3) we perform a joint co-design of the main blocks of the SDN/NFV-based communication/computing architectures equipping the serving RW-UAV and controlling GCS, in order to provide support for the orchestration of the computing/communication microservices possibly required by the served GUs. The conducted numerical tests confirm that the performance gains of the proposed optimization framework against the ones of a number of baselines may reach 22%, while the corresponding performance gaps against the ultimate performance of a brute force search-based benchmark remain typically limited up to 3%-4%.
期刊介绍:
Vehicular communications is a growing area of communications between vehicles and including roadside communication infrastructure. Advances in wireless communications are making possible sharing of information through real time communications between vehicles and infrastructure. This has led to applications to increase safety of vehicles and communication between passengers and the Internet. Standardization efforts on vehicular communication are also underway to make vehicular transportation safer, greener and easier.
The aim of the journal is to publish high quality peer–reviewed papers in the area of vehicular communications. The scope encompasses all types of communications involving vehicles, including vehicle–to–vehicle and vehicle–to–infrastructure. The scope includes (but not limited to) the following topics related to vehicular communications:
Vehicle to vehicle and vehicle to infrastructure communications
Channel modelling, modulating and coding
Congestion Control and scalability issues
Protocol design, testing and verification
Routing in vehicular networks
Security issues and countermeasures
Deployment and field testing
Reducing energy consumption and enhancing safety of vehicles
Wireless in–car networks
Data collection and dissemination methods
Mobility and handover issues
Safety and driver assistance applications
UAV
Underwater communications
Autonomous cooperative driving
Social networks
Internet of vehicles
Standardization of protocols.