Fat and fatty acids – a scoping review for Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2023

K. Retterstøl, F. Rosqvist
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Abstract

Two de novo NNR2022 systematic reviews (SRs) as well as 21 qualified SRs (qSRs) were available. A literature search yielded an additional ~70 SRs, meta-analyses and biomarker papers. Diets lower in total fat are associated with reductions in body weight and blood pressure compared with diets higher in total fat in adults. Partial replacement of saturated fatty acid (SFA) with n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) improves blood lipid profile, decreases the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), improves glucose-insulin homeostasis and may decrease the risk of total mortality. Long-chain n-3 PUFAs (eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA] and docosahexaenoic acid [DHA]) decrease triglycerides and are associated with lower risk of CVD. Dietary PUFAs, both n-3 and n-6, may be associated with reduced risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D). There is inconclusive evidence to suggest that the type of dietary fat is associated with blood pressure, risk of hypertension or musculoskeletal health. Higher intake of total PUFA is associated with lower mortality from any cancer. Long-chain n-3 PUFA is associated with reduced risk of breast cancer, whereas biomarker levels of n-6 PUFA are associated with lower risk of any cancer. Intake of long-chain n-3 PUFA during pregnancy increases length of gestation and child birth weight and reduces the risk of preterm delivery, but there is inconclusive evidence to suggest that it may influence child neurodevelopment, growth or development of allergic disease. In studies with higher versus lower dietary cholesterol intake levels, total blood cholesterol increased or were unaffected by the dietary cholesterol, resulting in inconclusive results. Trans fatty acid (TFA), regardless of source, impairs blood lipid profile compared to unsaturated fat. In observational studies, TFA is positively associated with CVD and total mortality but whether associations differ by source is inconclusive. Ruminant TFA, as well as biomarker levels of odd-chain fatty acids, might be associated with lower risk of T2D.
脂肪和脂肪酸--《北欧营养建议2023》的范围界定审查
有两篇全新的 NNR2022 系统综述(SR)和 21 篇合格的 SR(qSR)。通过文献检索,还获得了约 70 篇系统综述、荟萃分析和生物标志物论文。与总脂肪含量较高的膳食相比,总脂肪含量较低的膳食可降低成年人的体重和血压。用 n-6 多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)部分替代饱和脂肪酸(SFA)可改善血脂状况,降低心血管疾病(CVD)风险,改善葡萄糖-胰岛素稳态,并可降低总死亡率风险。长链 n-3 PUFA(二十碳五烯酸 [EPA] 和二十二碳六烯酸 [DHA])可降低甘油三酯,并与降低心血管疾病风险相关。膳食中的 n-3 和 n-6 脂肪酸可能与降低 2 型糖尿病(T2D)风险有关。目前尚无确凿证据表明膳食脂肪的类型与血压、高血压风险或肌肉骨骼健康有关。摄入较多的总 PUFA 与较低的癌症死亡率有关。长链 n-3 PUFA 与降低罹患乳腺癌的风险有关,而 n-6 PUFA 的生物标志物水平与降低罹患任何癌症的风险有关。怀孕期间摄入长链 n-3 PUFA 可增加妊娠时间和婴儿出生体重,降低早产风险,但目前尚无确切证据表明长链 n-3 PUFA 可能会影响儿童的神经发育、生长或过敏性疾病的发生。在膳食胆固醇摄入水平较高与较低的研究中,血液总胆固醇增加或不受膳食胆固醇的影响,结果尚无定论。与不饱和脂肪相比,反式脂肪酸(TFA)无论来源如何,都会损害血脂状况。在观察性研究中,反式脂肪酸与心血管疾病和总死亡率呈正相关,但不同来源的反式脂肪酸与心血管疾病和总死亡率的关系是否不同尚无定论。反刍动物的反式脂肪酸以及奇链脂肪酸的生物标志物水平可能与较低的 T2D 风险有关。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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