Waria, Worship, and Welfare: Exploring Trans Women's Conditions of Precarity Amidst COVID-19 in Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Pub Date : 2024-01-19 DOI:10.1017/trn.2024.1
Amirah Fadhlina
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Abstract

Due to the widescale impact of 212 Action's anti-blasphemy campaign in 2016, there has been a spike in Islamic moral panic discourse and religiously driven vigilante attacks targeting LGBTQ citizens in Indonesia. Simultaneously, gender nonconforming citizens who have gained social recognition, like a segment of transwomen communities called waria, have continued to carve out alternative spaces and subvert anti-LGBTQ discourse. Waria activists in Yogyakarta, for instance, created the world's first trans-led Islamic boarding school in 2008. Despite suffering attacks from Front Jihad Islam members in 2016, the school has managed to reopen and even to expand its services further for waria communities. In capturing the recent trajectory of activism at the waria Islamic boarding school, this article highlights the multifaceted conditions of precarity faced by Muslim waria in Yogyakarta in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. Presenting ethnographic data from the summer of 2022, this paper argues that since the pandemic, in addition to demanding the right to practice Islam, Muslim waria activists have increasingly focused on wellbeing (e.g., food sustainability and emergency shelter) in their rights advocacy in Yogyakarta. Merely perceiving the Islamic boarding school as a site of religious activism diminishes a fundamental aspect of its current grassroots efforts, which is to gain access to basic welfare — a key strategy for the survival of LGBTQ citizens in Yogyakarta and beyond. With greater socioeconomic and psychological uncertainties sparked by COVID-19, human rights for waria and what holistic security means for Indonesian LGBTQ citizens, must also be carefully understood through a lens of health, welfare, and wellbeing.
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Waria、崇拜与福利:探索印度尼西亚日惹变性妇女在 COVID-19 中的妊娠状况
由于 "212 行动 "在 2016 年发起的反亵渎运动的广泛影响,印尼的伊斯兰道德恐慌言论和受宗教驱动的针对 LGBTQ 公民的私刑袭击激增。与此同时,获得社会认可的性别不符公民,如变性妇女社区中的一部分人--Waria,继续开辟另类空间,颠覆反 LGBTQ 的言论。例如,日惹的 Waria 活动家于 2008 年创建了世界上第一所由变性人领导的伊斯兰寄宿学校。尽管在 2016 年遭到了伊斯兰圣战阵线成员的袭击,但这所学校仍设法重新开学,甚至进一步扩大了为瓦里亚社区提供的服务。这篇文章通过捕捉瓦里亚伊斯兰寄宿学校近期的活动轨迹,强调了日惹穆斯林瓦里亚在 COVID-19 大流行后所面临的多方面不稳定状况。本文介绍了 2022 年夏季的人种学数据,认为自大流行病发生以来,除了要求信奉伊斯兰教的权利外,穆斯林华夏积极分子在日惹的权利倡导中越来越关注福祉(如食物的可持续性和应急住所)。仅仅将伊斯兰寄宿学校视为宗教活动场所,会削弱其当前基层工作的一个基本方面,即获得基本福利--这是日惹及其他地区 LGBTQ 公民生存的关键策略。COVID-19 引发了更大的社会经济和心理不确定性,因此还必须从健康、福利和福祉的角度来仔细理解瓦里亚的人权以及整体安全对印尼 LGBTQ 公民的意义。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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