Mourning a death foretold: memory and mental time travel in anticipatory grief

IF 2 1区 哲学 0 PHILOSOPHY
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Abstract

Grief is a complex emotional experience or process, which is typically felt in response to the death of a loved one, most typically a family member, child, or partner. Yet the way in which grief manifests is much more complex than this. The things we grieve over are multiple and diverse. We may grieve for a former partner after the breakup of a relationship; parents sometimes report experiencing grief when their grown-up children leave the family home. We can also experience grief for people we have never met. Indeed, it is not just persons that we may grieve for. People report feeling grief over the death of their pets, or about the destruction the natural environment. In all these cases one factor that seems to stand out is loss. Despite being about very different things, these various forms of grief all involve a loss of some sort. Yet there is a further aspect of grief, which, on the face of it, does not quite follow this pattern. Grief can also be experienced before a loss has occurred. Grief can be experienced while the person that one is grieving for is still living and before one has (fully) suffered the loss. This phenomenon is known as anticipatory grief. The experience of anticipatory grief is a complex phenomenon, which resists easy classification. Nonetheless, we suggest that mental time travel, our ability to mentally project ourselves into the personal past (episodic memory) and personal future (episodic prospection), is a key mechanism that underpins experiences of anticipatory grief. Anticipatory grief can still be understood in terms of loss, but it is a loss that is brought to mind through memory and imagination.

哀悼预知的死亡:预知悲痛中的记忆和心理时空旅行
摘要 悲伤是一种复杂的情绪体验或过程,通常是对亲人(最典型的是家庭成员、子女或伴侣)死亡的反应。然而,悲伤的表现形式远比这复杂得多。我们悲伤的事情多种多样。我们可能会在感情破裂后为昔日的伴侣感到悲伤;父母有时会说,当他们长大成人的孩子离开家时,他们也会感到悲伤。我们也会为从未谋面的人感到悲伤。事实上,我们可能悲伤的不仅仅是人。人们会因为宠物的死亡或自然环境的破坏而感到悲伤。在所有这些情况中,一个突出的因素似乎就是 "失去"。尽管涉及的事情非常不同,但这些不同形式的悲伤都涉及某种损失。然而,从表面上看,悲伤的另一个方面并不完全遵循这种模式。在失去亲人之前,人们也会感到悲伤。当悲伤的对象还在世,而自己还没有(完全)承受失去亲人的痛苦时,也会经历悲伤。这种现象被称为预期性悲伤。预期悲伤的体验是一种复杂的现象,很难简单地进行分类。不过,我们认为,心理时空旅行,即我们在心理上将自己投射到个人过去(外显记忆)和个人未来(外显预测)的能力,是支撑预期性悲伤体验的一个关键机制。我们仍然可以从损失的角度来理解预期性悲伤,但这种损失是通过记忆和想象而产生的。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
5.00
自引率
8.70%
发文量
72
期刊介绍: Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences is an interdisciplinary, international journal that serves as a forum to explore the intersections between phenomenology, empirical science, and analytic philosophy of mind. The journal represents an attempt to build bridges between continental phenomenological approaches (in the tradition following Husserl) and disciplines that have not always been open to or aware of phenomenological contributions to understanding cognition and related topics. The journal welcomes contributions by phenomenologists, scientists, and philosophers who study cognition, broadly defined to include issues that are open to both phenomenological and empirical investigation, including perception, emotion, language, and so forth. In addition the journal welcomes discussions of methodological issues that involve the variety of approaches appropriate for addressing these problems.    Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences also publishes critical review articles that address recent work in areas relevant to the connection between empirical results in experimental science and first-person perspective.Double-blind review procedure The journal follows a double-blind reviewing procedure. Authors are therefore requested to place their name and affiliation on a separate page. Self-identifying citations and references in the article text should either be avoided or left blank when manuscripts are first submitted. Authors are responsible for reinserting self-identifying citations and references when manuscripts are prepared for final submission.
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