Role Reversals in a Tri-Trophic Prey–Predator Interaction System: A Model-Based Study Using Deterministic and Stochastic Approaches

Sk Golam Mortoja, Ayan Paul, P. Panja, Sabyasachi Bhattacharya, S. Mondal
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Abstract

It is frequently observed that adult members of prey species sometimes use their predation mechanism on juvenile members of predator species. Ecological literature describes this phenomenon as prey–predator role reversal dynamics.Numerous authors have observed and described the biological development behind this feeding behaviour. However, the dynamics of this role reversal have hardly been illustrated in the literature in a precise way. In this regard, we formulated an ecological model using the standard prey–predator interactions, allowing for a reverse feeding mechanism. The mathematical model consisted of a three-species food-web structure comprising the common prey, intermediate predator, and top predator. Note that a role-reversal mechanism was observed between the intermediate and top predators based on the scarcity of the prey population. However, we observed the most critical parameters had a significant effect on this reverse feeding behaviour. The bifurcation analysis is the primary criterion for this identification. The proposed deterministic model is then extended to its stochastic analogue by allowing for environmental influences on the tri-trophic food web structure. The conditional moment approach is applied to obtain the equilibrium distribution of populations and their conditional moments in the system. The stochastic setup analysis also supports the stability of this food chain structure, with some restricted conditions. Finally, to facilitate the interpretation of our mathematical results, we investigated it using numerical simulations.
三营养捕食者-捕食者相互作用系统中的角色逆转:使用确定性和随机方法进行的基于模型的研究
人们经常观察到,猎物物种的成年成员有时会对捕食者物种的幼年成员使用捕食机制。生态学文献将这种现象描述为猎物-捕食者的角色转换动态。许多作者观察并描述了这种捕食行为背后的生物发展过程。然而,这种角色逆转的动态几乎没有在文献中得到精确的说明。为此,我们利用标准的猎物与捕食者之间的相互作用建立了一个生态模型,允许反向取食机制的存在。该数学模型包括一个由普通猎物、中间捕食者和顶级捕食者组成的三物种食物网结构。需要注意的是,根据猎物数量的稀少程度,我们观察到中间捕食者和顶级捕食者之间的角色逆转机制。不过,我们观察到最关键的参数对这种反向捕食行为有显著影响。分岔分析是确定这一机制的主要标准。然后,通过考虑环境对三营养食物网结构的影响,将提出的确定性模型扩展为随机模型。应用条件矩方法获得种群的平衡分布及其在系统中的条件矩。随机设置分析也支持这种食物链结构的稳定性,但有一些限制条件。最后,为了便于解释我们的数学结果,我们使用数值模拟对其进行了研究。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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