The intensity of forest management affects the nest cavity production of woodpeckers and tits in mature boreal forests

IF 2.6 2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY
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Abstract

Cavities made by birds are an important microhabitat for many taxa in forests. Long-term dynamics of cavity patterns and the effect of forest management on cavities are, however, largely unknown. We studied cavity production, measured as nest cavity production rates (CPR = no. of new cavities/km2/year), of woodpeckers and tits in forests with different management intensity in southern Finland, based on a data from 37 years. Forests were divided into managed, seminatural and natural stands. The data covered 56 forest stands with the total area of 1690 ha. Stands were inventoried annually for new cavities. The total numbers of woodpecker and tit cavities were 2238 and 329, respectively. There were large differences in CPRs between forest stands with different management intensity. For woodpeckers, the CPR was highest in natural forests (5.7) and lowest in managed forests (1.5). For the tit species, the respective numbers were 0.9 and 0.3. The CPRs of different cavity-making bird species and cavity tree characteristics (e.g. tree condition and species) were consistent, suggesting that different cavity-makers benefit from similar forest and tree characteristics. The results also suggest that forests managed with currently prevailing methods limit the production of cavities. To promote cavities, the results from this and other studies suggest that managed forests should include more features of natural forests, such as more diverse tree species and within-stand structural variability distribution (tree-level heterogeneity), larger amount of decayed wood, more retention trees and snags and longer rotation periods.

森林管理强度影响北方成熟森林中啄木鸟和山雀的巢穴产量
摘要 鸟类蛀洞是森林中许多类群的重要微生境。然而,蛀洞模式的长期动态以及森林管理对蛀洞的影响在很大程度上是未知的。我们根据 37 年来的数据,研究了芬兰南部不同管理强度森林中啄木鸟和山雀的蛀洞产生情况,并以巢穴蛀洞产生率(CPR = 新蛀洞数量/平方公里/年)来衡量。森林被分为人工林、半自然林和自然林。数据涵盖 56 个林区,总面积达 1690 公顷。每年都会对林地中的新蛀洞进行清查。啄木鸟和山雀的蛀洞总数分别为 2238 个和 329 个。不同管理强度的林分之间的 CPR 存在很大差异。啄木鸟的 CPR 在天然林中最高(5.7),在人工林中最低(1.5)。山雀的 CPR 分别为 0.9 和 0.3。不同蛀洞鸟类的 CPR 与蛀洞树特征(如树木状况和树种)一致,表明不同蛀洞鸟类从相似的森林和树木特征中获益。研究结果还表明,用目前流行的方法管理森林会限制蛀洞的产生。为了促进蛀洞的产生,本研究和其他研究的结果表明,管理的森林应包含更多自然森林的特征,如更多样的树种和林分内结构变异分布(树级异质性)、更多的腐朽木材、更多的保留树和杉木以及更长的轮伐期。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
5.10
自引率
3.60%
发文量
77
审稿时长
6-16 weeks
期刊介绍: The European Journal of Forest Research focuses on publishing innovative results of empirical or model-oriented studies which contribute to the development of broad principles underlying forest ecosystems, their functions and services. Papers which exclusively report methods, models, techniques or case studies are beyond the scope of the journal, while papers on studies at the molecular or cellular level will be considered where they address the relevance of their results to the understanding of ecosystem structure and function. Papers relating to forest operations and forest engineering will be considered if they are tailored within a forest ecosystem context.
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