Toxicological Studies and Antibacterial Efficacy of Sorghum bicolor Fermented Liquor Extracts of Bambusa tuldoides cv. ventricosa Leaf against Salmonella typhi

Abstract

Bamboo leaf extracted with steep liquor from fermented cereal grains has been used as an ethnomedicine for the treatment of severe typhoid fever in Africa without the proper documentation of its efficacy and side effects. This study embarks on the evaluation of the toxicity and pharmacological safety profile of fermented Sorghum bicolor liquor extract of Bambusa tuldoides cv. ventricosa leaf as an ethnomedicine against Salmonella typhi infection. Reconstituted concentrates of various fermented extracts were used for the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay. Acute toxicity assay comprised two phases. The bioassay constitutes a total of 25 albino mice randomly distributed into 5 test groups. Steep liquor from fermented S. bicolor seeds served as the extracting solvent for the leaf of B. tuldoides using Soxhlet apparatus. The determination of both the sensitivity test and MIC assay used different levels. Extracts were orally administered for acute toxicity and dosage determination studies. Extracts were administered at concentrations 25, 50, and 100 mg/mL per day for the bioassays. Application of one-way analysis of variance was used for the determination of the statistical significance of the variations at 0.05 and 0.01 levels. The average zones of inhibition were between 15.00 ± 2.34 and 20.00 ± 4.64 mm, and MIC was 12.5 mg/mL for the growth of S. typhi. The extract administered was found to be safe up to 5000 mg/kg body weight dosage. The agglutination result showed a concentration-dependent effectiveness of fermented liquor extract against S. typhi. Therefore, the bamboo leaf extract is efficient for the treatment of S. typhi infection.