Paradigm shift on the role of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in hypertension therapy

Abstract

The literature review is devoted to modern ideas about the role of hyperaldosteronism as one of the important pathophysiological links in hypertension (HTN) development. Data are presented on aldosterone synthesis mechanisms both in healthy and sick people, in particular in primary aldosteronism (PA), as well as in some cases of secondary aldosteronism. The results of modern studies are discussed, which established autonomous formation of aldosterone in elderly and senile people even without formal criteria for PA. The most important stages of studying and solving the hyperaldosteronism problem using surgical or conservative methods areconsidered. Data are presented on target organ damage caused by an increased blood concentration of aldosterone. The influence of the interaction between increased dietary sodium intake and the severity of cardiovascular damage is discussed. Separately, the role of subclinical hyperaldosteronism in the development of hypertension is considered, as well as the possibility of target organ damage in such cases, despite the normal blood pressure level. Modern data on the role of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs), in particular spironolactone, in the treatment of hyperaldosteronism and resistant hypertension are presented. The limitations of MRA use, which are mainly due to reduced kidney function, are considered. In particular, the results of the most important clinical studies are discussed, which became the basis for higher prescription rate of MRAs in the treatment of hypertensive patients.