Quantitative Effects Of Fluoride In Kidney Of Swiss Albino Mice

Abstract

- Fluoride occurs in the environment in water, soil, air, food, and vegetation significantly increased body burden, fluoride was discovered by karl schele in 1771, recognize as halogen in 1825, it was the 13 most abundant elements in earth crust. The range of species in animal experiments that reported adverse effects. Fluoride is the ionic form of the most electronegative elements fluorine, which is widely distributed in igneous and sedimentary rocks; earth’s crust and oceans. Water pollution has become world-wide phenomenon. Both deficiency and excess of minerals and trace elements in water can have deleterious consequences on biological system. The major ecological problem are the pollutants from industries, pesticides, herbicides, fertilizers and chemicals. The underground water is polluted by many hazardous pollutants like colored dyes, nitrates, metals, pesticides and fluoride. Fluoride is one of major concern among these pollutants. The problem due to high concentration of fluoride in ground water has now become one of the most important health geo-environmental issues in India. Fluoriosis has been stated that 45% of the water sources have fluoride content exceeding 10ppm and varied from 0.5 to 50ppm the most seriously affected areas of the India are Andhra Pradesh, Punjab, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Karnataka, Orrissa and Bihar. Fluoride