Examination of the Effectiveness of School Leadership: A Second-order Meta-analysis Study

Abstract

This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of school leadership. In other words, it examined the relationships between school leadership and school outcomes. School leadership was classified as school leadership models and school leadership practices, and school outcomes were classified as organizational, teacher, and student outcomes. The data of this study were accessed through the databases of Web of Science, Scopus, ERIC, Academic Search Ultimate, and TR Dizin national index. This study synthesized the findings of 26 meta-analysis studies involving 890 primary research studies. Second-order meta-analysis was employed in the study. Statistical analyses were performed with the random-effects model. The relationship between school leadership and positive school outcomes was positive and at a high level, ES=.46. Additionally, the relationship between school leadership and negative organizational outcomes was negative and at medium-level, ES=-.31. Besides, the relationship between school leadership and school outcomes differed significantly in terms of school leadership type, school outcome type, and quality of the studies.