Chinese Observations of Soviet Nationality Affairs in the Mao and post-Mao Eras

Luyang Zhou
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Abstract

Over the years, China’s nationality policy tended to imitate the Soviet Union while also retaining its uniqueness. Existing scholarship has described three deviations the CCP made vis-à-vis the Soviet model: denying national self-determination, rejecting the supra-national union of nation-states, and undertaking constructivist classification of ethnicity. These features took shape around 1949. In this article, I survey China’s observations on Soviet nationality affairs from 1949 to 1991 and provide a perspective for understanding how these deviations from the Soviet nationality model both crystallized and varied. My findings show that after 1949, Soviet studies in China lacked a coherent agenda for studying the nationality question. The experts gathered rich materials but subordinated nationality questions to themes such as revolution, a centrally planned economy, border disputes, geopolitics, and ideological indoctrination. They also tended to reduce ethnopolitics to class struggle and economic modernization. Such systematic evasion of nationality questions persisted until the collapse of the Soviet Union. The USSR’s disintegration caused China to recognize the resilience of ethnicity and nationality, while before 1991, Soviet studies in China had lacked any systematic reflection on the Soviet nationality model.
毛泽东时代和后毛泽东时代中国对苏联国籍事务的观察
多年来,中国的民族政策倾向于模仿苏联,同时也保留了自己的独特性。现有的学术研究描述了中国共产党相对于苏联模式的三个偏差:否认民族自决、反对民族国家的超国家联盟以及对民族进行建构主义的分类。这些特征形成于 1949 年前后。在这篇文章中,我梳理了 1949 年至 1991 年间中国对苏联民族事务的观察,为理解这些偏离苏联民族模式的具体化和变化提供了一个视角。我的研究结果表明,1949 年后,中国的苏联研究缺乏研究国籍问题的连贯议程。专家们收集了丰富的材料,但将民族问题从属于革命、中央计划经济、边界争端、地缘政治和意识形态灌输等主题。他们还倾向于将民族政治简化为阶级斗争和经济现代化。这种对民族问题的系统性回避一直持续到苏联解体。苏联的解体使中国认识到民族和国籍的顽强生命力,而在 1991 年之前,中国的苏联研究缺乏对苏联国籍模式的系统反思。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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