A Statistical Survey on the Socioeconomic and Demographic Livelihood of Brick Kiln Workers: A Case Study of Bahawalpur District, Punjab, Pakistan

Fakhra Anwar, Muhammad Mohsin, Sana Arshad
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Abstract

The working population at the brick kilns is considered as the people living under poverty line. This study aims to investigate the socioeconomic and demographic characteristics and housing and living conditions of the brick kiln workers in Bahawalpur district. Total 20 kilns were visited in 5 tehsils of the district as sample sites. A questionnaire was designed and a field survey was conducted by using simple random sampling techniques to collect the data of 400 workers from 20 brick kilns. The quantitative analysis was performed in Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) v. 21 by applying descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings showed that majority of the workers and heads of working households were male (85.75% and 97.5% in rural and urban kilns respectively) and Saraiki speaking (70%) belonged to Muhajir, Ranagr and Khokhar castes. The early age (14-18 years) marriages were common among the workers especially among the females. Dependency ratio of the kiln workers was 37.6% including mostly the children and aged. Dominant share of the kiln workers (70-80%) were illiterate and very few were literate from primary to intermediate level. The workers’ income varied between PKR 11,000 to 15,000 which was lower than the average wage (PKR 25,000) as per the government rules. Brick moulders and soil suppliers were the main occupants at kilns. Most of the workers were resided in their own houses (1 or 2 rooms) made with kacha (mud made) material. Although various facilities were available to the workers at brick kilns but they have no proper access to safe drinking water (80%), accident risk facility (0%) and first aid (0%) crucial for their health. The chi-square results also verify the miserable social and economic life of the kiln workers. Thus, these facts demonstrated that kiln workers led a meagre life style. This work will serve as a reminder to authorities, planners and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) to take action to improve the living conditions of kiln workers. Lastly, few suggestions were proposed to uplift the lives of the kiln workers.
砖窑工人社会经济和人口生计统计调查:巴基斯坦旁遮普省巴哈瓦尔布尔县案例研究
砖窑工人被视为生活在贫困线以下的人群。本研究旨在调查巴哈瓦尔布尔地区砖窑工人的社会经济和人口特征以及住房和生活条件。研究人员走访了该地区 5 个乡的 20 座砖窑作为样本。设计了一份调查问卷,并采用简单随机抽样技术进行了实地调查,以收集来自 20 座砖窑的 400 名工人的数据。采用描述性和推论性统计方法,在社会科学统计软件包(SPSS)第 21 版中进行了定量分析。调查结果显示,大多数工人和工作户主为男性(农村和城市窑厂分别为 85.75%和 97.5%),讲萨拉伊语(70%),属于穆哈吉尔、拉纳格尔和霍哈尔种姓。早婚(14-18 岁)在工人中很普遍,尤其是女性。窑工的抚养比率为 37.6%,其中大部分是儿童和老人。大部分窑工(70%-80%)是文盲,只有极少数窑工具备初等至中等文化水平。工人的收入在 11 000 至 15 000 卢比之间,低于政府规定的平均工资(25 000 卢比)。砖窑的主要使用者是砖模工和泥土供应商。大多数工人都住在自己的房子里(1 或 2 个房间),这些房子是用卡恰(泥巴)材料建造的。虽然砖窑为工人提供了各种设施,但他们无法获得安全饮用水(80%)、事故风险设施(0%)和对其健康至关重要的急救(0%)。卡方检验结果也证实了砖窑工人悲惨的社会和经济生活。因此,这些事实表明,窑工的生活方式很贫乏。这项研究将提醒当局、规划者和非政府组织采取行动,改善窑工的生活条件。最后,还提出了一些改善窑工生活的建议。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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