The German Threat and Discussions about European Unions: Features of the Liberal Political and Ideological Continuity of the Leaders of the Liberal Party from W. Gladstone to G. Asquith in the Late XIX – Early XX Centuries

Oleg O. Boyko
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Abstract

The subject of the research is the foreign policy of Great Britain in the late 19th – early 20th centuries and the continuity of the foreign policy course of liberal political figures. The purpose of the analysis is the views and activities of significant British liberal politicians on foreign policy issues against the background of the transformation of the philosophy of liberalism and unprecedented competition in colonial expansion among major European powers. A number of trends in the development of the political and ideological course of the Liberal Party of Great Britain are demonstrated - a quick rejection of the policy of «Splendid Isolation» to the search for friendly powers on the European continent and the direct influence of liberal-imperialist circles on changing the foreign policy strategy. The study of sources confirms that as part of the evolution of the philosophy of liberalism at the end of the 19th century, the idea of the foreign policy of Great Britain in the circles of liberal politicians of the country also changed. The author comes to the conclusion that after W. Gladstone left power, the liberals hastened to move away from the policy of «Splendid Isolation». A. Rosebery tried to maintain a balance of power, but, as an adherent of liberal imperialism, he actively used military force, not striving to be the first to establish friendship with anyone in Europe. During the period of opposition 1896-1905 not only liberal-imperialists such as E. Grey, H. Asquith, R. Haldane, but also pacifists such as H. Campbell-Bannerman came to the conclusion that a world conflict was inevitable against the backdrop of growing disagreements with Germany and the need to choose an ally in Europe.
德国的威胁和关于欧洲联盟的讨论: 十九世纪末二十世纪初从格莱斯顿到阿斯奎斯的自由党领袖在政治和意识形态上的连续性特征
研究主题是 19 世纪末 20 世纪初英国的外交政策以及自由派政治人物外交政策路线的连续性。分析的目的是在自由主义哲学转型和欧洲主要大国在殖民扩张方面空前竞争的背景下,英国重要的自由主义政治家在外交政策问题上的观点和活动。研究显示了英国自由党政治和意识形态发展的若干趋势--从迅速摒弃 "辉煌的孤立 "政策到在欧洲大陆寻找友好国家,以及自由-帝国主义圈子对外交政策战略变化的直接影响。对资料的研究证实,作为 19 世纪末自由主义哲学演变的一部分,英国自由主义政治家圈子里的外交政策思想也发生了变化。作者得出的结论是,在 W. 格莱斯顿下台后,自由派急忙放弃了 "辉煌的孤立 "政策。罗斯贝里(A. Rosebery)试图保持均势,但作为自由帝国主义的拥护者,他积极使用军事力量,而不是努力成为第一个与欧洲任何人建立友谊的人。在 1896-1905 年的反对派时期,不仅是 E. 格雷、H. 阿斯奎斯、R. 霍尔丹等自由帝国主义者,而且还有 H. 坎贝尔-班纳曼等和平主义者都得出结论,认为在与德国的分歧日益加深以及需要在欧洲选择盟友的背景下,世界冲突不可避免。
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