Water sustainability of sub-Saharan African cotton industry: evidence from Mali

Abstract

The world's cotton industry plays a significant role in the global economy, with cotton being used in around 50% of all clothing, household items, and other products. However, the production of cotton is also known to have a significant impact on the environment, particularly freshwater resources. Sub-Saharan Africa is particularly vulnerable, with 40% of the world's water-deprived people living in the region. Cotton is a vital cash crop in sub-Saharan Africa, serving as the main source of livelihood for over 2 million rural families, but its production is also water-intensive, requiring around 20,000 litters of water per kg of cotton yield. In addition, cotton farming in the region is largely dependent on rain, but countries are looking to expand their production and acreage through increased irrigation, putting further pressure on already stretched water resources. This essay investigates the sustainability of sub-Saharan Africa's cotton industry, using Mali as a case study. The region can increase its output significantly, but this must be done sustainably to avoid exacerbating the negative impact on freshwater resources. The study also discusses the water crisis in sub-Saharan Africa, cotton farming in Mali and the region, and the potential consequences of increased cotton production on families and the environment. Mali, currently the highest cotton producer on the continent is a convenient case study reflecting conditions in other sub-Saharan countries. By studying the scientific literature on the progression of cotton production and attendant problems in Mali and some other West African countries, I hope to inform policymakers in the region about some proven ways to improve cotton yield and processing while leaving water resources pristine. The plan centres on producing cotton in an eco-friendly manner through the adoption of organic cotton, and GM cotton and irrigation in suitable areas. At the same time, there is a need to reduce the grey water footprint by reducing chemical usage and treating effluents before discharge.