Covid-19 and Malaria Co-Infection in Imo State, Nigeria: A Descriptive Seroprevalence Study

Chukwunonyerem C. Ogwudire, M. N. Madubuike, Christiana E. Etoruom, Sylva O. Anyadoh-Nwadike, C. Okoro
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Abstract

Background: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and malaria syndemic poses colossal challenge in prompt diagnosis and effective management of both infections especially in tropical regions. Therefore, this survey was conducted in order to ascertain the seroprevalence of SARS-COV-2 antibodies and malaria parasite in a Federal University of Technology Owerri, located in the south-eastern part of Nigeria, shortly after the waves of COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. The study was carried out among staff and students in the School of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Technology Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria within the age range of twenty-one (21) and above. Method: A total of 600 randomly selected participants (400 students and 200 staff) who had provided informed consent, were randomly selected from the School of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Technology Owerri. Questionnaires were administered to collect data on respondents’ demographics and clinical history. Then, blood samples were aseptically collected by needle prick and tested for COVID-19 and malaria using the SARS-COV-2 IgM/IgG antibody test kit and the malaria test kit (Malaria Pf (HRP2) respectively. Results: Malaria and COVID-19 co-infection rates observed among the staff and students in this survey were 5% and 1.8% respectively. Out of the 200 staff tested in this study, 45(22.5%) were IgG positive, 0(0%) were positive for IgM while 10(5%) tested positive to malaria parasite. Although, all IgG positives were junior staff. Then, amongst the 400 students tested, 37(9.25%) tested positive for IgG while none (0%) were IgM positive but, 62(15.5%) were positive for Plasmodium falciparum infection. The interrelated symptoms of malaria and COVID-19 mostly observed in our respondents were fever, headache and fatigue. Conclusion: Results from this study further explained that the level of co-infection prevalence varies directly with the level of malaria prevalence and vice versa.
尼日利亚伊莫州的 Covid-19 和疟疾合并感染:描述性血清流行率研究
背景:冠状病毒病(COVID-19)和疟疾综合症给及时诊断和有效治疗这两种感染带来了巨大挑战,尤其是在热带地区。因此,本调查旨在确定 2020 年 COVID-19 大流行后不久,位于尼日利亚东南部的奥韦里联邦理工大学的 SARS-COV-2 抗体和疟原虫血清流行率。本研究在尼日利亚伊莫州奥韦里联邦理工大学生物科学学院 21 岁及以上的教职员工和学生中进行。 研究方法从奥韦里联邦理工大学生物科学学院随机抽取了 600 名知情同意的参与者(400 名学生和 200 名教职员工)。调查问卷用于收集受访者的人口统计学和临床病史数据。然后,通过无菌针刺法采集血样,并分别使用 SARS-COV-2 IgM/IgG 抗体检测试剂盒和疟疾检测试剂盒(Malaria Pf (HRP2))对 COVID-19 和疟疾进行检测。 结果在本次调查中,教职员工和学生中的疟疾和 COVID-19 合并感染率分别为 5%和 1.8%。在接受检测的 200 名教职员工中,有 45 人(22.5%)IgG 阳性,0 人(0%)IgM 阳性,10 人(5%)疟原虫检测呈阳性。尽管所有 IgG 阳性者都是初级员工。在接受检测的 400 名学生中,有 37 人(9.25%)的 IgG 呈阳性,没有人(0%)的 IgM 呈阳性,但有 62 人(15.5%)的恶性疟原虫感染呈阳性。在受访者中观察到的疟疾和 COVID-19 的相关症状主要是发烧、头痛和疲劳。 结论这项研究的结果进一步说明,合并感染的流行程度与疟疾的流行程度直接相关,反之亦然。
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