New insights into the evolution of the surface antennal sensory equipment in free-living and cave-dwelling beetles (Leiodidae: Leptodirini)

Xiao-Zhu Luo, Mariam Gabelaia, A. Faille, Rolf Beutel, Ignacio Ribera, B. Wipfler
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Abstract

The stable environment of subterranean realms is characterized by constant darkness, temperature and humidity, and scarcity of resources. This led to similar adaptations in different lineages of animals, such as the reduction of eyes and pigmentation. It is common textbook knowledge that blindness in cave insects is compensated for by transformations of other sensorial structures, especially the antennae with their rich array of sensilla. We tested this hypothesis with 33 species of Leiodidae of the tribe Leptodirini (Coleoptera) with and without eyes and from hypogean and epigean environments. We documented and compared the number, types, arrangement and density of smooth and furrowed antennal sensilla on certain flagellomeres. Our statistical analysis that took effects of body size and phylogeny into consideration showed that (1) the number of these sensilla does not differ between hypogean or epigean beetles; (2) the same applies to length and diameter of the antennal sensilla; (3) there is a difference in density, but unexpectedly it is lower in hypogean species. Our finding thus contrasts with widely accepted earlier interpretations for those external antennal sensilla in the studied Leptodirini, showing that sensillar patterns are scarcely affected in these subterranean beetles if at all, and even less dense in blind and cave-living species. Our results thus add a new facet to the evolution of cave animals.
自由生活和穴居甲虫(Leiodidae: Leptodirini)表面触角感觉设备进化的新见解
地下世界的稳定环境具有恒定的黑暗、温度和湿度以及资源稀缺的特点。这就导致不同种类的动物产生了类似的适应性,如眼睛和色素的减少。根据教科书上的常识,穴居昆虫的失明是通过其他感官结构的变化来补偿的,尤其是具有丰富感觉器的触角。我们用鳞翅目栉水母科(Leptodirini)的 33 种有眼和无眼穴居昆虫,以及来自下地和上地环境的穴居昆虫对这一假设进行了验证。我们记录并比较了某些鞭毛上光滑和沟状触角感觉器的数量、类型、排列和密度。考虑到体型和系统发育的影响,我们进行了统计分析,结果表明:(1)这些感觉器的数量在下地壳型和上地壳型甲虫之间没有差异;(2)触角感觉器的长度和直径也没有差异;(3)密度存在差异,但意外的是,下地壳型甲虫的密度较低。因此,我们的发现与早先对所研究的 Leptodirini 外触角感觉器的普遍接受的解释形成了鲜明对比,表明这些地下甲虫的感觉器模式几乎没有受到任何影响,甚至在盲生和穴居物种中密度更低。因此,我们的研究结果为洞穴动物的进化增添了新的内容。
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