Phytopathology and cultural behaviors: putative introduction of Chaya-strain of Cassava common mosaic virus to Costa Rica

M. Montero-Astúa, I. Sandoval-Carvajal, Lisela Moreira-Carmona, William Villalobos-Muller, L. Garita-Salazar, Sofía Carvajal-Rojas
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Abstract

Leaves of the shrub chaya (Cnidoscolus aconitifolius), spinach tree or ‘chicasquil’ (in Costa Rica), are consumed in the Mesoamerican culinary tradition, having its origin in South Mexico and Guatemala. The objective of this work was to verify the viral nature of the observed in a chaya plant disease and to identify the species of the virus. Plant virus detection and identification was achieved by TEM, RT-PCR using degenerated primers to potexviruses, and sequencing. Pathogenicity tests were done by mechanical inoculation using chaya symptomatic tissue, on Nicotiana benthamiana and chaya plants. We report CsCMV detection in a chaya plant in Costa Rica with mosaic symptoms. Pathogenicity and association of virus and symptoms were demonstrated by mechanical inoculation in Nicotiana benthamiana and chaya plants. We hypothesize this infection corresponds to a recent introduction and discussed how cultural traditions impact the distribution of plant viruses. The findings confirm the presence of a CsCMV-related virus, previously unreported for Costa Rica, in Cnidoscolus aconitifolius. The results herein highlighted the need to study its distribution and diversity throughout Latin America.
植物病理学和文化行为:推测哥斯达黎加引进了木薯普通花叶病毒的 Chaya 株系
灌木 Chaya(Cnidoscolus aconitifolius)、菠菜树或 "chicasquil"(在哥斯达黎加)的叶子在中美洲烹饪传统中被食用,其起源地在南墨西哥和危地马拉。这项工作的目的是验证在查亚植物病害中观察到的病毒性质,并确定病毒的种类。植物病毒的检测和鉴定是通过 TEM、RT-PCR(使用 potexviruses 的退化引物)和测序来实现的。致病性试验是通过机械接种的方式在烟草和油茶植株上使用油茶症状组织进行的。我们报告在哥斯达黎加一株出现马赛克症状的番荔枝植株中检测到了 CsCMV。通过机械接种在烟草和番荔枝植株上,证明了病毒的致病性和与症状的关联性。我们推测这种感染是最近传入的,并讨论了文化传统如何影响植物病毒的分布。研究结果证实,在哥斯达黎加的 Cnidoscolus aconitifolius 中发现了一种与 CsCMV 相关的病毒,此前未曾报道过。研究结果突出表明,有必要对其在整个拉丁美洲的分布和多样性进行研究。
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