The multilevel society of proboscis monkeys with a possible patrilineal basis

IF 1.9 2区 生物学 Q3 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
Ikki Matsuda, Tadahiro Murai, Cyril C. Grueter, Augustine Tuuga, Benoit Goossens, Henry Bernard, Nurhartini Kamalia Yahya, Pablo Orozco-terWengel, Milena Salgado-Lynn
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Abstract

Multilevel societies (MLS), which are characterized by two or more levels of social organization, are among the most complex primate social systems. MLS have only been recorded in a limited number of primates, including humans. The aim of this study was to investigate whether proboscis monkeys (Nasalis larvatus) form MLS in Sabah, Malaysia, and to genetically characterize their dispersal patterns. Association data were obtained through direct observation (35 months) and kinship data through genetic analysis, based on feces collected from ~ 200 individuals. The results strongly suggest that proboscis monkeys exhibit a form of MLS, with several core reproductive units and a bachelor group woven together into a higher-level band. Genetic analysis revealed that the females migrated randomly over short and long distances; however, the males tended to migrate relatively shorter distances than females. Furthermore, male-male dyads showed a slightly higher average relatedness than female-female dyads. Combined with the results of direct observations, we conclude that proboscis monkeys form MLS with at least two layers and a patrilineal basis. Since patrilineal MLS have been identified as an important step in the evolution of human societies, their convergent appearance in proboscis monkeys may help us understand the drivers of human social evolution.

Significance statement

The aim of this study was to determine the social organization of proboscis monkeys by direct observation and genetic analysis. The results revealed that their social system exhibited a form of multilevel society with a possible patrilineal basis. Since humans exhibit a similar constellation of social features, proboscis monkeys may offer insightful clues about human social evolution.

Abstract Image

长鼻猴的多层次社会可能以父系社会为基础
摘要多层次社会(MLS)的特点是有两个或更多层次的社会组织,是最复杂的灵长类社会系统之一。多层次社会只在包括人类在内的少数灵长类动物中有所记录。本研究的目的是调查长鼻猴(Nasalis larvatus)是否在马来西亚沙巴形成了MLS,并从遗传学角度分析它们的散布模式。通过直接观察(35 个月)获得了关联数据,并根据从约 200 个个体收集的粪便,通过遗传分析获得了亲缘关系数据。研究结果有力地表明,长鼻猴表现出一种MLS形式,由几个核心繁殖单位和一个单身群体交织成一个较高层次的带状群体。遗传分析表明,雌性迁徙的距离长短不一;然而,雄性迁徙的距离往往比雌性短。此外,雄性与雄性之间的平均亲缘关系略高于雌性与雌性之间的亲缘关系。结合直接观察的结果,我们得出结论,长鼻猴形成的MLS至少有两层,并以父系为基础。由于父系MLS被认为是人类社会进化的一个重要步骤,它们在长鼻猴中的趋同出现可能有助于我们理解人类社会进化的驱动因素。研究结果表明,长鼻猴的社会体系呈现出一种多层次的社会形式,并可能以父系社会为基础。由于人类表现出类似的社会特征,长鼻猴可能会为人类的社会进化提供有洞察力的线索。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
3.90
自引率
8.70%
发文量
146
审稿时长
3 months
期刊介绍: The journal publishes reviews, original contributions and commentaries dealing with quantitative empirical and theoretical studies in the analysis of animal behavior at the level of the individual, group, population, community, and species.
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