Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of acaricide resistance in Rhipicephalus microplus field isolates from South Africa and Brazil

IF 4.1 2区医学 Q1 PARASITOLOGY

International Journal for Parasitology: Drugs and Drug Resistance Pub Date : 2023-12-27 DOI:10.1016/j.ijpddr.2023.100519

Dieter J.A. Heylen , Michel Labuschagne , Christina Meiring , Luther van der Mescht , Guilherme Klafke , Livio Martins Costa Junior , Tom Strydom , Jeanette Wentzel , Caryn Shacklock , Lénaig Halos , Francois Maree , Josephus Fourie , Maxime Madder , Alec Evans

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Abstract

Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is one of the most successful ticks infesting cattle around the world. This highly-invasive species transmits cattle parasites that cause cattle fever leading to a high socio-economic burden. Tick eradication programs have often failed, due to the development of acaricide resistance. Here we characterize acaricide resistance in a large number of tick isolates from regions in South Africa (KwaZulu Natal, Mpumalanga, Western & Eastern Cape provinces) and two Brazilian regions.

By means of Larval Packet Tests (LPT's) acaricide resistance was evaluated against five commonly used acaricides (chlorfenvinphos, fipronil, deltamethrin, amitraz, and ivermectin). Furthermore, the coding region containing the knock down resistance (kdr) mutation, known to result in pyrethroid resistance, was sequenced.

Resistance to at least one acaricide class was reported in each of the five regions, and a high proportion of tick isolates exhibited multi-resistance to at least two acaricide classes (range: 22.2–80.0%). Furthermore, resistance ratios (RR) showed high spatial variation (intercontinental, as well as regional) but low regional spatial autocorrelation. Previous and current acaricide use correlated with current RR, and several combinations of acaricide RR were positively correlated. Moreover, fipronil resistance tended to be higher in farms with more intense acaricide use. The kdr-mutations provided the ticks a fitness advantage under the selection pressure of synthetic pyrethroids based on population (kdr-allele frequency) and individual level data (genotypes).

The data show the threat of acaricide (multi-)resistance is high in Brazil and South Africa, but acaricide specific levels need to be assessed locally. For this purpose, gathering complementary molecular information on mutations that underlie resistance can reduce costs and expedite necessary actions. In an era of human-caused habitat alterations, implementing molecular data-driven programs becomes essential in overcoming tick-induced socio-economic losses.

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南非和巴西 Rhipicephalus microplus 田间分离物对杀螨剂抗性的表型和基因型特征分析

Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus 是全世界为害牛群最严重的蜱之一。这种高度入侵性物种传播牛寄生虫，导致牛瘟，造成沉重的社会经济负担。由于杀螨剂抗药性的产生，根除蜱虫的计划往往以失败告终。在此，我们对来自南非各地区（夸祖鲁-纳塔尔省、姆普马兰加省、西&省、东开普省）和巴西两个地区的大量蜱分离株的杀螨剂抗药性进行了描述。通过幼虫包测试（LPT），我们评估了五种常用杀螨剂（氯虫苯甲酰胺、氟虫腈、溴氰菊酯、双甲脒和伊维菌素）的杀螨剂抗药性。此外，还对含有抗性基因突变（kdr）的编码区进行了测序，已知该突变会导致拟除虫菊酯抗性。此外，抗药性比率（RR）显示出较高的空间差异（洲际和区域），但区域空间自相关性较低。以前和当前杀螨剂的使用与当前的抗性比相关，杀螨剂抗性比的几种组合呈正相关。此外，使用杀螨剂较多的农场对氟虫腈的抗性往往较高。根据种群（kdr-等位基因频率）和个体水平数据（基因型），在合成除虫菊酯的选择压力下，kdr突变为蜱提供了适应优势。数据显示，巴西和南非的杀螨剂（多重抗药性）威胁很大，但需要对当地杀螨剂的具体水平进行评估。为此，收集抗药性突变的补充分子信息可以降低成本，加快必要的行动。在人类造成栖息地改变的时代，实施分子数据驱动的计划对于克服蜱虫造成的社会经济损失至关重要。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

International Journal for Parasitology: Drugs and Drug Resistance PARASITOLOGY-PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY

CiteScore

7.90

自引率

7.50%

发文量

审稿时长

48 days

期刊介绍： The International Journal for Parasitology – Drugs and Drug Resistance is one of a series of specialist, open access journals launched by the International Journal for Parasitology. It publishes the results of original research in the area of anti-parasite drug identification, development and evaluation, and parasite drug resistance. The journal also covers research into natural products as anti-parasitic agents, and bioactive parasite products. Studies can be aimed at unicellular or multicellular parasites of human or veterinary importance.