Characterizing Morphometric and Nanomechanical Malignant Cell Features in a Rare Paediatric γδ T-acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia: Insights from a Single Case Study Using Atomic Force Microscopy

Abstract

The most common cancer in paediatric age is acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) which accounts for nearly a quarter of all cases of paediatric cancer. ALL cases are classified as B-cell or T-cell precursor ALL, based on their immunophenotypical features. Patients with T-cell ALL (T-ALL) comprise 10–15% of all newly diagnosed cases and are more prevalent in boys and in older age compared to the overall incidence peak age of ALL. In this case report, we present the morphometric and nanomechanical features of T-lymphoblasts derived from an 11-month-old infant with a rare subtype of γδ T-ALL with aggressive biological behavior. To investigate these features, we employed atomic force microscopy (AFM) and compared the blast cell deviations found in their nanostructure and elasticity to those of normal lymphocytes from a healthy child. The malignant T-lymphoblasts exhibited reduced roughness and Young’s modulus values. This single case analysis demonstrates the potential of the AFM method to provide additional information regarding the characteristics of malignant cells and suggests its potential as a complementary approach for distinguishing neoplastic cells from normal cells. The application of AFM could potentially facilitate the introduction of in vitro tests to determine the efficacy of anti-leukemic treatments.