Asymmetric effect of human capital on the ecological footprint within the EKC framework in Saudi Arabia

N. Almutairi
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Abstract

In contrast with previous studies exploring the linear effect of increasingly educated human capital on environmental degradation, this study examined the non-linear relationship utilizing the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) framework. It offers empirical evidence considering the developing and oil-rich economy of Saudi Arabia. The ARDL model was estimated, to reveal that the gross tertiary enrolment ratio has an inverse-U shaped relationship with ecological footprint. This is consistent with our assumption within EKC model, in that when schooling enrolment rates are low in the early stages of economic development, environmental degradation is augmented. However, after reaching the turning point in education, the increase in enrolment rates reduces degradation. This indicates that human capital can exert opposing effects on environmental quality, relative to level of economic development and expansion in education. The empirical findings suggest education is vital to reduce environmental degradation and upgrade energy efficiency and sustainability in the context of Saudi Arabia. The study suggests raising individuals’ awareness, environmental education, and increasing knowledge concerning the significance of climate change actions must be integrated into environmental policies and strategic agendas.
沙特阿拉伯 EKC 框架内人力资本对生态足迹的不对称影响
与以往探讨受教育程度不断提高的人力资本对环境退化的线性影响的研究不同,本研究利用环境库兹涅茨曲线(EKC)框架研究了非线性关系。它提供了沙特阿拉伯发展中和石油资源丰富经济体的经验证据。对 ARDL 模型进行估计后发现,高等教育总入学率与生态足迹呈反 U 型关系。这与我们在 EKC 模型中的假设一致,即在经济发展的早期阶段,当入学率较低时,环境退化会加剧。然而,在达到教育转折点之后,入学率的提高会减少环境退化。这表明,相对于经济发展水平和教育扩张而言,人力资本会对环境质量产生相反的影响。实证研究结果表明,在沙特阿拉伯,教育对于减少环境退化、提高能源效率和可持续性至关重要。研究建议,必须将提高个人意识、环境教育和增加有关气候变化行动重要性的知识纳入环境政策和战略议程。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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