Endoscopic Ultrasound Can Measure Esophageal Remodeling in Eosinophilic Esophagitis

Abstract

Background and Aims

Although esophageal widening is a normal consequence of growth in pediatric individuals, esophageal remodeling plays a major role in the morbidity of pediatric and adult eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE). However, the disease is defined by esophageal dysfunction and mucosal eosinophilia. One potential explanation is the difficulty in quantitating remodeling.

Methods

This prospective, IRB-approved longitudinal study evaluated endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) in 78 children, adolescents, and young adults referred to a single academic medical center for esophageal indications. Patients with proven EoE had serial EUS exams that measured total wall thickness (TWT) and esophageal wall sublayers during routine endoscopies to manage their disease. Student t tests and mixed linear models were employed to compare groups.

Results

TWTs from the distal (2.3 ± 0.5 vs 1.7 ± 0.3, P < 0.01) and mid esophagus (2.1 ± 0.5 vs 1.6 ± 0.3, P < 0.05) were increased in active EoE patients > 10 years of age compared with similarly aged controls. After achieving clinical and histologic remission, their TWTs were significantly decreased (distal: 1.9 ± 0.4 vs 2.3 ± 0.5, P < 0.05; mid: 1.7 ± 0.4 vs 2.1 ± 0.5, P < 0.05). Mixed linear models further demonstrated that during active EoE, TWTs, esophageal muscle layers, and the mucosa and submucosa were thickened in older adolescents at both sites (P < 0.05 for each). In remission, TWTs returned to control values.

Conclusion

This pilot study demonstrates that EUS, a unique application of point-of-care ultrasound, can identify the esophageal remodeling that occurs in older adolescents with active EoE. Furthermore, EUS has defined this remodeling as a transmural phenomenon that occurs in the mid and distal esophagus and can completely reverse with adequate treatment.