Using foliar δ13C from high-Andean plants (Silala River basin) as a measure of potential evapotranspiration through water use efficiency

WIREs Water Pub Date : 2023-12-17 DOI:10.1002/wat2.1707
Francisco Suárez, Claudio Latorre, Magdalena Mendoza, Matías Frugone, José F. Muñoz
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Abstract

The water-dependent nature of arid ecosystems is closely related to the coupling between energy input through photosynthesis and the loss of water through transpiration (Tr), which can be expressed as water use efficiency (WUE). The relationship, however, between environmental factors and plant physiology in controlling evapotranspiration is not well understood in high-altitude arid environments. Here, we review the use of carbon isotope fractionation (δ13C) to indirectly track fluctuations in WUE and the use of the portable chamber method to partition landscape actual evapotranspiration (ETa) into Tr and bare soil evaporation (Ebs) in the alluvial deposits of the Silala River, a high elevation watershed located in northern Chile. Landscape ETa was also measured with Eddy covariance (EC) systems in the basin's riparian wetland and alluvial hillslope deposits. Carbon isotope results were consistent with what is known from the literature regarding these high-elevation ecosystems. WUE, as estimated by carbon isotope discrimination values, decreased in summer (the wet season), and increased in winter at all sites. These results were consistent with the EC measurements. Changes in WUE were much greater in the valley wetlands than along the hillslopes, most likely due to a large drop in available soil moisture along the valley bottom during the dry season. Portable chamber results obtained during summer and winter field campaigns showed that at the landscape scale, hillslope ETa was mainly dominated by bare soil evaporation; and ETa partitioning into Tr and Ebs had a seasonal change.

Abstract Image

利用高安第斯山植物(西拉拉河流域)的叶片δ13C,通过水分利用效率衡量潜在蒸散量
干旱生态系统对水的依赖性与通过光合作用输入的能量和通过蒸腾作用(Tr)损失的水分之间的耦合密切相关,这可以用水分利用效率(WUE)来表示。然而,在高海拔干旱环境中,环境因素与植物生理在控制蒸腾作用方面的关系还不十分清楚。在此,我们回顾了利用碳同位素分馏法(δ13C)间接跟踪水分利用效率波动的情况,以及在智利北部高海拔流域西拉拉河冲积层中利用便携式箱法将景观实际蒸散量(ETa)划分为Tr蒸散量和裸土蒸散量(Ebs)的情况。此外,还利用涡度协方差(EC)系统测量了该流域河岸湿地和冲积山坡沉积物的景观蒸散发。碳同位素测量结果与文献中有关这些高海拔生态系统的研究结果一致。根据碳同位素判别值估算,所有地点的水分利用效率在夏季(雨季)都有所下降,而在冬季则有所上升。这些结果与导电率测量结果一致。谷地湿地的 WUE 变化远大于山坡,这很可能是由于旱季谷底可用土壤水分大幅下降所致。在夏季和冬季野外活动中获得的便携式试验箱结果表明,在地貌尺度上,山坡的蒸散发主要由裸露土壤的蒸发所主导;蒸散发在 Tr 和 Ebs 中的分配具有季节性变化。
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