Predictors of Control Status of Hypertension in India: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Abstract

Predictors of hypertension (HTN) control status have not been well understood in India. This information is crucial for policymakers and program managers to devise newer HTN control strategies and implement relevant policies and programs. Therefore, we undertook this meta-analysis to estimate the effect of various factors on the control status of HTN in India. We systematically searched PubMed and Embase for observational studies and community-based trials published between April 2013 and March 2021 conducted among people (≥ 15 years) with hypertension in India. Quality of studies was assessed using Newcastle Ottawa (NO) scale. Meta-analysis was performed using random effects model. We reported the effect of various factors on the prevalence of controlled HTN using pooled odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Of the 842 studies screened, we analyzed nine studies that included 2,441 individuals. Based on the NO scale, majority (90%) of studies had a low risk of bias. The odds of having controlled HTN were significantly higher among women (OR 1.78, 95% CI 1.62–1.95), those aged > 45 years (OR 1.69, 95% CI 1.44–1.97), and those residing in urban parts of India (OR 1.74; 95% CI 1.48–2.03). These measures varied considerably across different regions of the country. Very few studies reported data on the relationship between behavioural risk factors of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and HTN control status. We did not find any statistically significant differences between behavioural risk factors of NCDs and HTN control status. To improve HTN control in India, the ongoing/newer HTN control programs need to target men, those aged 15–45, and rural residents. Future studies on HTN control determinants should report disaggregated data and use standardized definitions for behavioral risk factors to enhance reliability and comprehensiveness of findings on the determinants of HTN control in future reviews.