The lateral stability of the knee, A review of the clinical Anatomy of the Popliteal hiatus and its clinical pathologies

Abstract

As a modified hinge joint, the knee joint facilitates the erect posture and greater mobilization of the human body. Varusvalgus angulation, external-internal rotation, and anteriorposterior stability are primarily maintained by the tibial bony eminences, menisci, and the congruencies of the femoral and tibial articular surfaces. The primary restrainer for the valgus angulation is the medial collateral ligament (MCL). The primary restrainer for varus angulation is the lateral collateral ligament (LCL). Even though the LCL is the principal lateral stabilizer for the knee, it is supported by the surrounding ligaments, muscles, and tendons. Non -uniformity in the nomenclature of these structures and complexity in the anatomical arrangements lead to complexity of understanding and clinical interpretation. The popliteus is a very small muscle but a unique muscle to the knee with specialized functions. It is highly vulnerable to injuries during trauma with posterior lateral corner injuries of the knee. Proper history of the injury and clinical assessment will help in a proper diagnosis. However acute pain in the knee may interfere with a proper clinical diagnosis. During total knee arthroplasty, special care should be taken to minimize the iatrogenic popliteal ligament injuries during bone cuts and lateral release in soft tissue gap balancing.