Spatial distribution of sand dunes along the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast: inventory, UAS mapping and new discoveries

Bogdan Prodanov, Lyubomir Dimitrov, Iliyan Kotsev, Radoslava Bekova, Todor Lambev
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引用次数: 2

Abstract

 Coastal sand dunes are amongst the world’s most sensitive and dynamic landforms. Unfortunately, during the last thirty years, heavy anthropogenic alterations have been observed, encompassing the greater part of the Bulgarian Black Sea coast (BBSC), which has changed the land-sea interactions significantly. As a consequence, the depositional coast has shrunk to 131 km or 25% of the aggregate Bulgarian Black Sea shoreline length. Although our research reveals that 86% of BBSC dunes are included in the Natura 2000 network of protected sites established under the Habitats Directive (Council Directive 92/43/EEC 1992), they are often heavily modified, subjected to environmental vandalism and destroyed due to mismanagement or lack of accurate information and prevention. These facts were the main reason for carrying out an inventory of the Bulgarian Black Sea coastal dune systems in 2021-2022. Our research aimed to identify all dune systems/sand dunes, update their spatial distribution and classify the observed coastal sand dunes landforms along the BBSC. The article demonstrates a successful methodology for combining unmanned aerial systems (UAS), Structure-from-Motion (SfM) photogrammetry, in situ sediment sampling, video imaging and verification and GNSS-RTK ground control points for coastal mapping. As of June 2022, over 97% of the Bulgarian shoreline has been surveyed with this technique, excluding military areas and national security sites. Based on the acquired data, as of 2021, the shoreline length was estimated to be 518.7 km at a scale 1:5000. The integrated UAS approach includes using Digital surface models (DSM), raster orthophotomosaics (OM) and 3D models, based on SfM photogrammetry to analyse the coastal topography, detect dune forms and update their spatial distribution. Throughout the inventory, 46 beach-dune systems were identified along the BBSC, which were divided into 62 dune sectors. The area of coastal dune systems was estimated at 988.21 ha (0.0089% of Bulgaria) and a total length of 73 km (14% of the shoreline). A comprehensive geomorphological analysis of the relationships between landforms morphology, aeolian and morphodynamic processes, vegetation density and type was the basis for the coastal dune landforms (CDLs) or dune systems to be classified into primary (312 ha; 32%) and secondary (676 ha; 68%). Additionally, the CDLs were classified according to Natura 2000 habitats: fixed (grey) dunes (546.27 ha; 55.28%), wooded dunes (222.61 ha; 22.53%), shifting (white) dunes (150.30 ha; 15.21%), embryonic dunes (68.3 ha; 6.91%) and humid dune slacks (0.94 ha; 0.09%). The highest positioned CDLs on the Balkan Peninsula were registered at perched Sozopol Sand Dunes (61 m a.s.l.) and cliff-top dunes at Arkutino (50.2 m a.s.l.). The multi-temporal analysis of photogrammetric DSMs and raster OMs showed the permanent loss of five dune systems in the Pomorie-Burgas-Rosenets coastal sector. The accrued UAS data approach allowed us to identify and map eight dune systems for the first time: Zlatni Pyasatsi (Panorama), Asparuhovo (Varna), Byala, Atanasovska Kosa, Central Beach (Burgas), Chernomorets, Kavatsite (partly) and Rezovo-Kastrich. A high anthropogenic footprint was registered on 50.7 ha (5.1%) of the entire dune surface. In the final stage of the study, human interventions that caused degradation and permanent loss of dunes (12 ha) over the last 15 years along the BBSC were shown. The main causes for dune degradation along BBSC have been documented, such as massive tourism development after the socialist period, road construction, recreational pressure exerted on the dunes, human trampling, lack of designated footpaths in areas with fixed and mobile dunes, off-road vehicles and parking lots (especially at camping sites), dumping of garbage and anthropogenic marine litter on the sand dunes etc.
Spatial保加利亚黑海沿岸沙丘分布:库存、无人机绘图和新发现
Coastal沙丘是世界上最敏感、最具活力的地貌之一。不幸的是,在过去三十年中,已观察到严重的人为改变,包括保加利亚黑海海岸的大部分地区,这已大大改变了陆-海相互作用。结果,沉积海岸缩小到131公里,占保加利亚黑海海岸线总长度的25%。尽管我们的研究表明,86%的BBSC沙丘被纳入了根据生境指令(理事会指令92/43/EEC 1992)建立的自然2000保护地点网络,但由于管理不善或缺乏准确的信息和预防措施,它们经常被大量修改,遭受环境破坏和破坏。这些事实是在2021-2022年对保加利亚黑海海岸沙丘系统进行清查的主要原因。我们的研究旨在识别所有沙丘系统/沙丘,更新其空间分布,并对观测到的沿海沙丘地貌进行分类。本文展示了一种成功的方法,将无人机系统(UAS)、运动结构(SfM)摄影测量、原位沉积物采样、视频成像和验证以及GNSS-RTK地面控制点相结合,用于沿海制图。截至2022年6月,超过97%的保加利亚海岸线已经用这种技术进行了调查,不包括军事区域和国家安全地点。根据获得的数据,截至2021年,海岸线长度估计为518.7公里,比例尺为1:50 000。集成的UAS方法包括基于SfM摄影测量的数字表面模型(DSM)、栅格正射影测量(OM)和3D模型来分析海岸地形、检测沙丘形态并更新其空间分布。在整个调查过程中,沿BBSC确定了46个海滩沙丘系统,将其划分为62个沙丘区。海岸沙丘系统的面积估计为988.21公顷(占保加利亚国土面积的0.0089%),总长度为73公里(占海岸线的14%)。对地貌形态、风成过程和形态动力过程、植被密度和类型之间的关系进行全面的地貌学分析,是将海岸沙丘地貌或沙丘系统划分为初级(312公顷;32%)和次级(676公顷;68%)。此外,根据Natura 2000生境分类,cdl为固定(灰色)沙丘(546.27 ha);55.28%),树木繁茂的沙丘(222.61公顷;22.53%),移动沙丘(白色)(150.30 ha);15.21%),胚胎沙丘(68.3 ha;6.91%)和湿润沙丘带(0.94 ha);0.09%)。巴尔干半岛上海拔最高的cdl位于索佐波尔沙丘(海拔61米)和阿库提诺崖顶沙丘(海拔50.2米)。摄影测量DSMs和栅格OMs的多时间分析显示,波莫里-布尔加斯-罗森涅茨沿海地区有5个沙丘系统永久性消失。累积的UAS数据方法使我们能够首次识别和绘制8个沙丘系统:Zlatni Pyasatsi(全景),Asparuhovo(瓦尔纳),Byala, Atanasovska Kosa,中央海滩(布尔加斯),Chernomorets, Kavatsite(部分)和Rezovo-Kastrich。整个沙丘表面有50.7 ha(5.1%)为高人为足迹。在研究的最后阶段,显示了在过去15年里,人类的干预导致了bsc沿线沙丘的退化和永久性损失(12公顷)。社会主义时期以来,大规模的旅游开发、道路建设、对沙丘的娱乐压力、人类的践踏、固定和移动沙丘地区缺乏指定的步行道、越野车和停车场(尤其是露营地)、垃圾和人为海洋垃圾的倾倒等,都是造成大沙丘沿线沙丘退化的主要原因。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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