Infections in compromised hosts: considerations on prevention.

Abstract

Compromised patients are predisposed to the acquisition of resistant bacteria from the hospital environment. In compromised hosts, gram-negative bacillary and staphylococcal infection is often nosocomial, being a result of the severity of the underlying disease and frequent and/or prolonged hospitalizations. The level of colonization of these patients by gram-negative bacilli can be reduced by the use of effective antibiotics administered to the oropharyngeal area or administered orally, by careful handwashing by the hospital personnel and the administration of low microbial diets to the patients. Infections caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis can be reduced by careful attention to i.v. devices; for the streptococcal infections, no clearly effective prophylaxis is available, as the mechanisms of acquisition have not been elucidated. Administration of non-absorbable antibiotics has been used for gastro-intestinal decontamination in order to prevent gram-negative infections in granulocytopenic patients. These regimens are poorly tolerated and have been replaced by the quinolones and cotrimoxazole. This latter drug is also effective for the prevention of Pneumocystis carinii infections. There is no consensus about the optimal prevention of fungal infections, especially as far as Aspergillus is concerned. For the prevention of infections caused by Candida spp., systemically absorbed imidazoles such as ketoconazole are probably effective. The infections caused by cytomegalovirus can be prevented by sero-negative blood products. In seropositive patients, ganciclovir or acyclovir might be active to some extent. Immune globulins can prevent Herpes zoster-Varicella infections and acyclovir is effective in preventing Herpes simplex virus infections.