Telling People Apart: Outline of a Theory of Human Differentiation

IF 4.1 1区 社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY
Stefan Hirschauer
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Abstract

Alongside subsystems, classes, and types of socials relations, societies differentiate between categories of their personnel, referring to their age, sex, “race,” (dis)ability, performance, geographic and social origin, sexual preference, religious conviction, profession, and so on. This article outlines a theory of human differentiation with the aim of viewing processes leading to reified memberships of human categories in an encompassing comparative approach. Differentiating humans distinguishes them perceptively, categorizes them lingually, shapes them physically, segregates them spatially, and subjects them to othering and unequal evaluative treatment. The analytic vocabulary developed in this article puts forward five elementary processes—prelingual distinction, lingual categorization, official classification, material marking/dissimilation, and segregation—and three advanced processes of asymmetrical differentiation: the alterization of humans, their differential evaluation, and the escalation into boundary constitution and polarization. Processes of human differentiation are stabilized via coupling with social and societal differentiation, but they can also be practically minimalized, normatively contained, and institutionally diluted.
区分人:人类分化理论大纲
除了子系统、阶级和社会关系类型之外,社会还区分其人员的类别,包括他们的年龄、性别、“种族”、(残疾)能力、表现、地理和社会出身、性偏好、宗教信仰、职业等等。本文概述了一种人类分化理论,目的是观察导致人类类别具体化成员的过程,以一种包罗万象的比较方法。分化的人类在感知上对他们进行区分,在语言上对他们进行分类,在身体上对他们进行塑造,在空间上对他们进行隔离,并使他们受到其他和不平等的评价对待。本文发展的分析词汇提出了五个基本过程:语前区分、语言分类、官方分类、物质标记/异化和分离;以及三个高级的不对称分化过程:人的变异、人的差异评价和向边界构成和两极分化的升级。人类分化过程通过与社会和社会分化的耦合而稳定下来,但它们也可以被实际最小化,规范地遏制,并在制度上被稀释。
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来源期刊
Sociological Theory
Sociological Theory SOCIOLOGY-
CiteScore
6.90
自引率
6.80%
发文量
16
期刊介绍: Published for the American Sociological Association, this important journal covers the full range of sociological theory - from ethnomethodology to world systems analysis, from commentaries on the classics to the latest cutting-edge ideas, and from re-examinations of neglected theorists to metatheoretical inquiries. Its themes and contributions are interdisciplinary, its orientation pluralistic, its pages open to commentary and debate. Renowned for publishing the best international research and scholarship, Sociological Theory is essential reading for sociologists and social theorists alike.
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