Wavefield Modeling and Analysis of Lightning Quakes Measured by a Distributed Acoustic Sensing Array

IF 2.6 3区 地球科学 Q2 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS
Nolan Roth, Tieyuan Zhu, Rafal Czarny, Yongxin Gao
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Abstract

ABSTRACT Lightning-induced seismic waves, termed “lightning quakes,” are frequent natural sources in many storm-prone regions. Lightning quakes have been clearly observed in numerous environments by both seismic and acoustic instruments, for example, by distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) array. Despite these numerous observations, the physical nature of lightning quake wavefields detected by ground-based arrays remains poorly understood. The possibility of electroseismic (ES) conversion due to lightning’s powerful electromagnetic fields was, until now, unstudied. This investigation uses 3D numerical simulations of acoustic-to-seismic and ES wavefields alongside a novel data-driven azimuthal strain-rate variation analysis technique to robustly reveal the complex nature of lightning quakes. We show that lightning quakes begin as airborne acoustic waves before coupling with the solid earth as air-coupled Rayleigh waves and Love waves that are generated by local sources near the receiver, such as topography or urban infrastructure. These conclusions suggest thunder observations from a DAS array can be used to infer the structure of the near surface around the receiver, but care needs to be taken in understanding the role of local sources. An estimate of the Rayleigh- and Love-wave phase velocities is produced using a novel data analysis method unique to DAS. Furthermore, we demonstrate that electroseismic coupling does not play a significant role in the lightning quake wavefields. Although these simulations do not fully capture the realistic frequency of the electroseismic coupled wavefield, theory suggests that the wavefield is high frequency and thus quickly attenuated in the saturated near-surface soils. Electroseismic coupled wavefields from lightning may be detectable very close to the bolt.
分布式声传感阵列测量雷电地震的波场建模与分析
雷击诱发的地震波,称为“闪电地震”,是许多风暴易发地区常见的自然震源。通过地震和声学仪器,例如分布式声学传感(DAS)阵列,可以在许多环境中清楚地观测到闪电地震。尽管进行了大量的观测,但地面阵列探测到的闪电地震波场的物理性质仍然知之甚少。到目前为止,由于闪电强大的电磁场,电震(ES)转换的可能性尚未得到研究。本研究利用声震和ES波场的三维数值模拟,以及一种新颖的数据驱动的方位应变率变化分析技术,有力地揭示了雷击地震的复杂性。我们表明,闪电地震开始时是机载声波,然后与固体地球耦合为空气耦合瑞利波和洛夫波,这些波是由接收器附近的局部源(如地形或城市基础设施)产生的。这些结论表明,来自DAS阵列的雷观测可以用来推断接收器周围近表面的结构,但需要注意理解局部源的作用。利用DAS特有的一种新颖的数据分析方法,对瑞利波和洛夫波相速度进行了估计。此外,我们还证明了电震耦合对雷电地震波场的影响并不显著。虽然这些模拟不能完全捕捉到电震耦合波场的实际频率,但理论表明,波场是高频的,因此在饱和近地表土壤中迅速衰减。雷电产生的电震耦合波场可以在离闪电很近的地方探测到。
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来源期刊
Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 地学-地球化学与地球物理
CiteScore
5.80
自引率
13.30%
发文量
140
审稿时长
3 months
期刊介绍: The Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, commonly referred to as BSSA, (ISSN 0037-1106) is the premier journal of advanced research in earthquake seismology and related disciplines. It first appeared in 1911 and became a bimonthly in 1963. Each issue is composed of scientific papers on the various aspects of seismology, including investigation of specific earthquakes, theoretical and observational studies of seismic waves, inverse methods for determining the structure of the Earth or the dynamics of the earthquake source, seismometry, earthquake hazard and risk estimation, seismotectonics, and earthquake engineering. Special issues focus on important earthquakes or rapidly changing topics in seismology. BSSA is published by the Seismological Society of America.
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