{"title":"A binate regulatory framework for the accreditation of law faculties in Nigerian universities: a necessity or overkill?","authors":"Eti Best Herbert, Ngozi Chinwa Ole","doi":"10.1080/03069400.2023.2258021","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTNigeria operates a binate regulatory system for legal education under the regulatory control of the National Universities Commission (NUC) and the Council of Legal Education (CLE), which regulate the law faculties of universities and the Nigerian Law School respectively. Both regulatory bodies carry out periodic visitation exercises to confer accreditation status on the law faculties accordingly. Against the standards of the UK Better Regulation Principles (BRP) of proportionality, accountability, consistency, transparency and targeting, this paper examined the effectiveness of the NUC and CLE in exercising their regulatory functions in the regulation of legal education. In its assessment, this paper finds that the binate system falls short of the BRP. Its sanction of withdrawal of accreditation is rather extreme and not fit for instances of minor malfeasance. The activities of the binate regulatory bodies are left unsupervised and the court usually refrains from intervention. Hence, among other things, this paper suggests joint action of both bodies in carrying out accreditation exercises, which will ensure consistency and save costs. The court should also intervene in appropriate instances to prevent abuse of regulatory powers.KEYWORDS: Legal educationaccreditationBetter Regulation PrinciplesNational Universities CommissionCouncil of Legal Education Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.Notes1 Charles A Riedl, “The Proper Place and Function of the Lawyer in the Society” (1951) 35 Marquette Law Review 1, 1.2 ibid. See Andras Sajo, “The Role of Lawyers in Social Change: Hungary” (1993) 25 Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law 137, 137.3 Stan D Ross, “The Role of Lawyers in Society” (1976) 48(1) The Australian Quarterly 61, 66.4 United Nations, “Basic Principles on the Role of Lawyers” (1990) <www.unodc.org/pdf/criminal_justice/UN_Basic_Principles_on_the_Role_of_Lawyers.pdf> accessed 16 April 2023.5 Alex de Tocqueville, Democracy in America (G. Dearburn & Co. 1838).6 Okechukwu Oko, “The Lawyer’s Role in a Contemporary Democracy, Promoting the Rule of Law, Lawyers in Fragile Democracies and the Challenges of Democratic Consolidation: The Nigerian Experience” (2009) 77 Fordham Law Review 1295, 1297.7 Felicia Eimunjeze, “Achieving Excellence in the Legal Profession in a Globalized World: Imperatives for Developing Economies” (2015) 5 Journal of Sustainable Development and Policy 198, 198.8 Idem Udosen Jacob and Halimat Adeniran, “Challenges of Legal Education in Nigeria and the Effects on National Development” (2019) 6(10) International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development 90, 90. See also Bagoni A Bukar, “Legal Education and Challenges of Contemporary Developments in Nigeria” (2014) 20 International Journal of Clinical Legal Education 593.9 Jonathan O Fabunmi and Ademola O Popoola, “Legal Education in Nigeria: Problems and Prospects” (1990) 23 Verfassung und Recht in Übersee 34.10 ibid.11 Ndubuisi J Madubuike-Ekwe, “Challenges and Prospects of Legal Education in Nigeria: An Overview” (2017) 8(1) Nnamdi Azikiwe University Journal of International Law and Jurisprudence 128.12 Ogugua VC Ikpeze, “Legal Education in the 21st Century Nigeria: Need for Diversity in Content Paradigm” (2015) 39 Journal of Law, Policy and Globalization 63.13 Education (National Minimum Standards and Establishment of Institutions) Act, Cap E63 LFN 2004, s 10.14 Legal Education (Consolidation) Act, Cap L10, LFN 2004, s 1(2).15 Ikpeze (n 12).16 BRTF, “Principles of Good Regulation” (2007) <www.rqia.org.uk/RQIA/media/RQIA/Resources/Better-Regulation-Task-Force-Principles-of-Good-Regulation.pdf> accessed 7 February 2023.17 Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, “Strategy and Policies for Better Regulation” (2010) <www.oecd.org/gov/regulatory-policy/44912041.pdf> accessed 7 February 2023.18 ibid.19 Robert Baldwin, Martin Cave and Martin Lodge, “What Is ‘Good’ Regulation?” in Robert Baldwin Martin Cave and Martin Lodge, Understanding Regulation: Theory, Strategy, and Practice (Oxford University Press 2011) 58.20 Terry Hutchinson, “Doctrinal Research: Researching the Jury” in Dawn Watkins and Mandy Burton (eds), Research Methods in Law (Routledge 2013) 9.21 Terry Hutchinson and Nigel Duncan, “Defining and Describing What We Do: Doctrinal Legal Research” (2012) 17 Deakin Law Review 179, 181.22 ibid 183.23 Oliver TU Onwudinjo and others, “Public and Private Law Textbooks Collections: Accreditation Issues and Imperatives for Law Libraries” (2015) 3 Pinnacle Educational Research & Development 724, 725.24 Oliver Theophine Onwudinjo, Chukwuma Obiora Nwosu and Cyprain I Ugwu, “Accreditation Issues in Faculty of Law of Nigerian Universities: Imperatives for Law libraries, Laws and Statutes” (2014) 1172 Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal) 1, 2–3.25 Ndubuisi Joseph Madubuike-Ekwe, “Challenges and Prospects of Legal Education in Nigeria: An Overview” (2017) 8(1) Nnamdi Azikiwe University Journal of International Law and Jurisprudence 128, 130.26 Moshood B Lawal, A Handbook on History of Education in Nigeria (Macmillan & Co 2008) 30.27 Florence Oluremi Olaleye and Babatope Kolade Oyewole, “Quality Assurance in Nigerian University Education: The Role of the National Universities Commission (NUC) as a Regulatory Body” (2016) 5(4) International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development 160, 162.28 ibid.29 ibid.30 The National Universities Commission Act 1974 (Cap N81, LFN 2004), s 1(1).31 ibid s 4.32 Education (National Minimum Standards and Establishment of Institutions) Act Cap E63, LFN 2004, s 10.33 ibid.34 The current one is the NUC Benchmark and Minimum Academic Standards for Undergraduate Programmes 2015. See, National Universities Commission, Monthly Bulletin (2018) 13(1), 2.35 Charles P Akpan, “Quality Assurance in the Nigerian Universities: The Role of the National Universities Commission” in INTED2014 Proceedings (8th International Technology, Education and Development Conference 10–12 March 2014, Spain) 1293–94. <https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339076894_Quality_Assurance_in_the_Nigerian_Universities_The_Role_of_the_National_Universities_Commission>36 Comfort Olufunke Akomolafe and Veronica Olubunmi Adesua, “An Evaluative Study on the Accreditation of Academic Programmes and Quality Assurance in Public Universities in Nigeria” (2019) 15(4) European Scientific Journal of International Law 40, 44–45.37 National Universities Commission, “Accreditation” (2021) <www.nuc.edu.ng/project/accreditation/> accessed 12 May 2021.38 National Universities Commission, “List of Illegal Universities Closed Down by NUC” (2021) <www.nuc.edu.ng/2224-2/> accessed 12 May 2021.39 National Universities Commission, “CCMAS Unveiled @ NUC Diamond Jubilee Celebrations” (2023) <www.nuc.edu.ng/tag/ccmas/> accessed 7 March 2023.40 Ernest Ojukwu, “Revisiting Legal Training in Nigeria: Wanted a Mandatory Continuing Legal Education Programme” (1998) 1 Journal of Commercial Private and Property Law 19, 19.41 Ndubuisi J Madubuike-Ekwe, “Challenges and Prospects of Legal Education in Nigeria: An Overview” (2017) 8(1) Nnamdi Azikiwe University Journal of International Law and Jurisprudence 128.42 Legal Education (Consolidation) Act, Cap L10 LFN 2004, s 1(2).43 ibid s 2(5).44 Emeke Chegwe, “Politics and Intrigues of Accreditation in Nigeria: The Noun/CLE Conflict in Retrospect” (2018) <www.academia.edu/15356738/POLITICS_AND_INTRIGUES_OF_ACCREDITATION_IN_NIGERIA_THE_NOUN_CLE_CONFLICT_IN_RETROSPECT> accessed 13 May 2021.45 Olanrewaju A Onadeko, “Legal Education, Legal Practitioners and Legal Services Market: Whither the Perfect Blend” (2014) Compendium of Legal Essays in Honour of Chief Idowu Abdulfatai Sofola 226, 230.46 Mujibu Yahaya, Ishaq Muhammad Jimoh and Tijjani Sani, “Challenges of Legal Education in Nigeria” (2022) 9(3) International Journal of Innovative Legal & Political Studies 20, 22.47 This approach is founded on the Latin expression, “omnia praesumuntur rite esse acta”, which means: “all things are presumed to have been done rightly.”48 Better Regulation Task Force, “Principles of Good Regulation” (2003) 10. <www.rqia.org.uk/RQIA/media/RQIA/Resources/Better-Regulation-Task-Force-Principles-of-Good-Regulation.pdf> accessed 14 January 2023.49 Anti-Money Laundering (Repeal and Amendment) Regulations 2010, Article 13.50 Business Advocacy Network, “Principles of Good Regulation” 2 <http://www.businessadvocacy.net/dloads/fsPrinciplesGoodRegulation.pdf> accessed 30 January 2023.51 ibid.52 ibid.53 ibid.54 National Audit Office, “Good Practice Guidance: Principles of Effective Regulation” (2021) 37 <www.nao.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Principles-of-effective-regulation-SOff-interactive-accessible.pdf> accessed 30 January 2023.55 Business Advocacy Network (n 50).56 ibid.57 Ernest Ojukwu, Legal Education in Nigeria: A Chronicle of Reforms and Transformation under Tahir Mamman (Council of Legal Education 2013) 73.58 ibid 21.59 (2014) 3 NWLR (Pt 1393) 33.60 See Alli v NUC (2018) LPELR-44361 (SC).61 “Universities That Offer Law and Their Accreditation Status” <https://schoolnewsng.com/universities-accreditation-law-programme/> accessed 29 January 2023.62 “Council of Legal Education Resolves NOUN Law Graduate Conflict” <https://studentarrive.com.ng/council-of-legal-education-resolves-noun-law-graduate-conflict/> accessed 1 February 2023.63 Gibson Ogbeiniama, “NOUN Law Graduates vs CLE, After the Judgement What Next?” (The Nigeria Lawyer, 7 October 2017) <https://thenigerialawyer.com/noun-law-graduates-vs-cle-after-the-judgement-what-next/> accessed 1 February 2023.64 Nasiru Tijani and Gbemi Odusote, “Accreditation of Law Programmes in Nigeria: A Case for Review” (2022) 5 International Journal of Law and Society 350, 354.65 (2018) LPELR-44361 (SC).66 Suit No: FHC/PH/CS/11/2015.67 See, Davies Iheamnachor, Amarachi Uzoma and Isioma Ananaba, “Court Stops Move by NOUN Graduates to be Admitted into Law School”, Vanguard (4 October 2017) <https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/10/court-stops-move-noun-graduates-admitted-law-school/> accessed 1 February 2023.68 Nigerian Electricity Regulation Commission, Regulation on Customer Complaints Handling: Standards and Procedures 2006.69 Tijani and Odusote (n 64) 351.70 Okechukwu Oko, “Legal Education Reform in Africa: Time to Revisit the Two-tier Legal Education System”, (2021) 29(1) University of Miami International & Comparative Law Review 130, 134.71 Eno-Abasi Sunday, Joe Onyekwere and Bridget Chiedu Onochie, “NUC, CLE Bicker over Accreditation of Law Faculties” The Guardian (17 December 2017) <https://guardian.ng/news/nuc-cle-bicker-over-accreditation-of-law-faculties/> accessed 1 February 2023.72 Tijani and Odusote (n 64) 354.73 Onwudinjo, Nwosu and Ugwu (n 24) 3.74 See Council of Legal Education, “List of Accredited and Approved Faculties of Law in Nigeria” Daily Trust (Lagos, 8 November 2017) 24; Nigerian Law School Lagos Campus, “Accredited and Approved Law Faculties” <www.lawschoollagos.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/accredited-and-approved-law-faculties-in-nigeria.pdf> accessed 31 January 2023.75 See Azeezat Adedigba, “NUC Releases Names of 58 Illegal Universities in Nigeria (Full List)” Premium Times (24 May 2018) <https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/269560-nuc-releases-names-of-58-illegal-univeristies-in-nigeria-full-list.html?tztc=1> accessed 27 September 2023.76 Nnamdi Onyeka Obiaraeri and Chinyere Obiaraeri, “Rethinking the Future of Legal Education in Nigeria in a Covid-19 Pandemic Era” (2022) 3 International Journal of Law and Clinical Legal Education 9, 13.77 Wondrous Nnaemeka, “Legal Profession Threatened as Council Accuses Varsities of Running Unaccredited Law Programmes” (The Whistler, 29 August 2022) <https://thewhistler.ng/legal-profession-threatened-as-council-accuses-varsities-of-running-unaccredited-law-programmes/> accessed 29 January 2023.78 ibid.","PeriodicalId":44936,"journal":{"name":"Law Teacher","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1000,"publicationDate":"2023-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Law Teacher","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03069400.2023.2258021","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
ABSTRACTNigeria operates a binate regulatory system for legal education under the regulatory control of the National Universities Commission (NUC) and the Council of Legal Education (CLE), which regulate the law faculties of universities and the Nigerian Law School respectively. Both regulatory bodies carry out periodic visitation exercises to confer accreditation status on the law faculties accordingly. Against the standards of the UK Better Regulation Principles (BRP) of proportionality, accountability, consistency, transparency and targeting, this paper examined the effectiveness of the NUC and CLE in exercising their regulatory functions in the regulation of legal education. In its assessment, this paper finds that the binate system falls short of the BRP. Its sanction of withdrawal of accreditation is rather extreme and not fit for instances of minor malfeasance. The activities of the binate regulatory bodies are left unsupervised and the court usually refrains from intervention. Hence, among other things, this paper suggests joint action of both bodies in carrying out accreditation exercises, which will ensure consistency and save costs. The court should also intervene in appropriate instances to prevent abuse of regulatory powers.KEYWORDS: Legal educationaccreditationBetter Regulation PrinciplesNational Universities CommissionCouncil of Legal Education Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.Notes1 Charles A Riedl, “The Proper Place and Function of the Lawyer in the Society” (1951) 35 Marquette Law Review 1, 1.2 ibid. See Andras Sajo, “The Role of Lawyers in Social Change: Hungary” (1993) 25 Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law 137, 137.3 Stan D Ross, “The Role of Lawyers in Society” (1976) 48(1) The Australian Quarterly 61, 66.4 United Nations, “Basic Principles on the Role of Lawyers” (1990) accessed 16 April 2023.5 Alex de Tocqueville, Democracy in America (G. Dearburn & Co. 1838).6 Okechukwu Oko, “The Lawyer’s Role in a Contemporary Democracy, Promoting the Rule of Law, Lawyers in Fragile Democracies and the Challenges of Democratic Consolidation: The Nigerian Experience” (2009) 77 Fordham Law Review 1295, 1297.7 Felicia Eimunjeze, “Achieving Excellence in the Legal Profession in a Globalized World: Imperatives for Developing Economies” (2015) 5 Journal of Sustainable Development and Policy 198, 198.8 Idem Udosen Jacob and Halimat Adeniran, “Challenges of Legal Education in Nigeria and the Effects on National Development” (2019) 6(10) International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development 90, 90. See also Bagoni A Bukar, “Legal Education and Challenges of Contemporary Developments in Nigeria” (2014) 20 International Journal of Clinical Legal Education 593.9 Jonathan O Fabunmi and Ademola O Popoola, “Legal Education in Nigeria: Problems and Prospects” (1990) 23 Verfassung und Recht in Übersee 34.10 ibid.11 Ndubuisi J Madubuike-Ekwe, “Challenges and Prospects of Legal Education in Nigeria: An Overview” (2017) 8(1) Nnamdi Azikiwe University Journal of International Law and Jurisprudence 128.12 Ogugua VC Ikpeze, “Legal Education in the 21st Century Nigeria: Need for Diversity in Content Paradigm” (2015) 39 Journal of Law, Policy and Globalization 63.13 Education (National Minimum Standards and Establishment of Institutions) Act, Cap E63 LFN 2004, s 10.14 Legal Education (Consolidation) Act, Cap L10, LFN 2004, s 1(2).15 Ikpeze (n 12).16 BRTF, “Principles of Good Regulation” (2007) accessed 7 February 2023.17 Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, “Strategy and Policies for Better Regulation” (2010) accessed 7 February 2023.18 ibid.19 Robert Baldwin, Martin Cave and Martin Lodge, “What Is ‘Good’ Regulation?” in Robert Baldwin Martin Cave and Martin Lodge, Understanding Regulation: Theory, Strategy, and Practice (Oxford University Press 2011) 58.20 Terry Hutchinson, “Doctrinal Research: Researching the Jury” in Dawn Watkins and Mandy Burton (eds), Research Methods in Law (Routledge 2013) 9.21 Terry Hutchinson and Nigel Duncan, “Defining and Describing What We Do: Doctrinal Legal Research” (2012) 17 Deakin Law Review 179, 181.22 ibid 183.23 Oliver TU Onwudinjo and others, “Public and Private Law Textbooks Collections: Accreditation Issues and Imperatives for Law Libraries” (2015) 3 Pinnacle Educational Research & Development 724, 725.24 Oliver Theophine Onwudinjo, Chukwuma Obiora Nwosu and Cyprain I Ugwu, “Accreditation Issues in Faculty of Law of Nigerian Universities: Imperatives for Law libraries, Laws and Statutes” (2014) 1172 Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal) 1, 2–3.25 Ndubuisi Joseph Madubuike-Ekwe, “Challenges and Prospects of Legal Education in Nigeria: An Overview” (2017) 8(1) Nnamdi Azikiwe University Journal of International Law and Jurisprudence 128, 130.26 Moshood B Lawal, A Handbook on History of Education in Nigeria (Macmillan & Co 2008) 30.27 Florence Oluremi Olaleye and Babatope Kolade Oyewole, “Quality Assurance in Nigerian University Education: The Role of the National Universities Commission (NUC) as a Regulatory Body” (2016) 5(4) International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development 160, 162.28 ibid.29 ibid.30 The National Universities Commission Act 1974 (Cap N81, LFN 2004), s 1(1).31 ibid s 4.32 Education (National Minimum Standards and Establishment of Institutions) Act Cap E63, LFN 2004, s 10.33 ibid.34 The current one is the NUC Benchmark and Minimum Academic Standards for Undergraduate Programmes 2015. See, National Universities Commission, Monthly Bulletin (2018) 13(1), 2.35 Charles P Akpan, “Quality Assurance in the Nigerian Universities: The Role of the National Universities Commission” in INTED2014 Proceedings (8th International Technology, Education and Development Conference 10–12 March 2014, Spain) 1293–94. 36 Comfort Olufunke Akomolafe and Veronica Olubunmi Adesua, “An Evaluative Study on the Accreditation of Academic Programmes and Quality Assurance in Public Universities in Nigeria” (2019) 15(4) European Scientific Journal of International Law 40, 44–45.37 National Universities Commission, “Accreditation” (2021) accessed 12 May 2021.38 National Universities Commission, “List of Illegal Universities Closed Down by NUC” (2021) accessed 12 May 2021.39 National Universities Commission, “CCMAS Unveiled @ NUC Diamond Jubilee Celebrations” (2023) accessed 7 March 2023.40 Ernest Ojukwu, “Revisiting Legal Training in Nigeria: Wanted a Mandatory Continuing Legal Education Programme” (1998) 1 Journal of Commercial Private and Property Law 19, 19.41 Ndubuisi J Madubuike-Ekwe, “Challenges and Prospects of Legal Education in Nigeria: An Overview” (2017) 8(1) Nnamdi Azikiwe University Journal of International Law and Jurisprudence 128.42 Legal Education (Consolidation) Act, Cap L10 LFN 2004, s 1(2).43 ibid s 2(5).44 Emeke Chegwe, “Politics and Intrigues of Accreditation in Nigeria: The Noun/CLE Conflict in Retrospect” (2018) accessed 13 May 2021.45 Olanrewaju A Onadeko, “Legal Education, Legal Practitioners and Legal Services Market: Whither the Perfect Blend” (2014) Compendium of Legal Essays in Honour of Chief Idowu Abdulfatai Sofola 226, 230.46 Mujibu Yahaya, Ishaq Muhammad Jimoh and Tijjani Sani, “Challenges of Legal Education in Nigeria” (2022) 9(3) International Journal of Innovative Legal & Political Studies 20, 22.47 This approach is founded on the Latin expression, “omnia praesumuntur rite esse acta”, which means: “all things are presumed to have been done rightly.”48 Better Regulation Task Force, “Principles of Good Regulation” (2003) 10. accessed 14 January 2023.49 Anti-Money Laundering (Repeal and Amendment) Regulations 2010, Article 13.50 Business Advocacy Network, “Principles of Good Regulation” 2 accessed 30 January 2023.51 ibid.52 ibid.53 ibid.54 National Audit Office, “Good Practice Guidance: Principles of Effective Regulation” (2021) 37 accessed 30 January 2023.55 Business Advocacy Network (n 50).56 ibid.57 Ernest Ojukwu, Legal Education in Nigeria: A Chronicle of Reforms and Transformation under Tahir Mamman (Council of Legal Education 2013) 73.58 ibid 21.59 (2014) 3 NWLR (Pt 1393) 33.60 See Alli v NUC (2018) LPELR-44361 (SC).61 “Universities That Offer Law and Their Accreditation Status” accessed 29 January 2023.62 “Council of Legal Education Resolves NOUN Law Graduate Conflict” accessed 1 February 2023.63 Gibson Ogbeiniama, “NOUN Law Graduates vs CLE, After the Judgement What Next?” (The Nigeria Lawyer, 7 October 2017) accessed 1 February 2023.64 Nasiru Tijani and Gbemi Odusote, “Accreditation of Law Programmes in Nigeria: A Case for Review” (2022) 5 International Journal of Law and Society 350, 354.65 (2018) LPELR-44361 (SC).66 Suit No: FHC/PH/CS/11/2015.67 See, Davies Iheamnachor, Amarachi Uzoma and Isioma Ananaba, “Court Stops Move by NOUN Graduates to be Admitted into Law School”, Vanguard (4 October 2017) accessed 1 February 2023.68 Nigerian Electricity Regulation Commission, Regulation on Customer Complaints Handling: Standards and Procedures 2006.69 Tijani and Odusote (n 64) 351.70 Okechukwu Oko, “Legal Education Reform in Africa: Time to Revisit the Two-tier Legal Education System”, (2021) 29(1) University of Miami International & Comparative Law Review 130, 134.71 Eno-Abasi Sunday, Joe Onyekwere and Bridget Chiedu Onochie, “NUC, CLE Bicker over Accreditation of Law Faculties” The Guardian (17 December 2017) accessed 1 February 2023.72 Tijani and Odusote (n 64) 354.73 Onwudinjo, Nwosu and Ugwu (n 24) 3.74 See Council of Legal Education, “List of Accredited and Approved Faculties of Law in Nigeria” Daily Trust (Lagos, 8 November 2017) 24; Nigerian Law School Lagos Campus, “Accredited and Approved Law Faculties” accessed 31 January 2023.75 See Azeezat Adedigba, “NUC Releases Names of 58 Illegal Universities in Nigeria (Full List)” Premium Times (24 May 2018) accessed 27 September 2023.76 Nnamdi Onyeka Obiaraeri and Chinyere Obiaraeri, “Rethinking the Future of Legal Education in Nigeria in a Covid-19 Pandemic Era” (2022) 3 International Journal of Law and Clinical Legal Education 9, 13.77 Wondrous Nnaemeka, “Legal Profession Threatened as Council Accuses Varsities of Running Unaccredited Law Programmes” (The Whistler, 29 August 2022) accessed 29 January 2023.78 ibid.
尼日利亚在国家大学委员会(NUC)和法律教育委员会(CLE)的监管下,对法律教育实行双重监管制度,分别对大学和尼日利亚法学院的法学院进行监管。两个规管机构定期进行访问,以授予法学院相应的认可地位。本文以英国更好的监管原则(BRP)的比例性、问责性、一致性、透明度和针对性的标准为依据,考察了国家法律委员会和法律教育委员会在法律教育监管中行使其监管职能的有效性。在评估中,本文发现二元系统不符合BRP。其撤销认证的制裁相当极端,不适合轻微渎职的情况。这两个管理机构的活动不受监督,法院通常不进行干预。因此,除其他事项外,本文件建议两个机构在进行认证工作时采取联合行动,以确保一致性和节省费用。法院还应在适当情况下进行干预,以防止滥用监管权力。关键词:法学教育鉴定;更好的监管原则;国家大学委员会;注1 Charles A . Riedl,“律师在社会中的适当地位和功能”(1951)35 Marquette Law Review 1, 1.2同上。参见Andras Sajo,“律师在社会变革中的作用”。6.匈牙利”(1993)25 Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law 137, 137.3 Stan D Ross,“律师在社会中的作用”(1976)48(1)澳大利亚季刊61,66.4联合国,“律师作用的基本原则”(1990)2023年4月16日访问Okechukwu Oko,“律师在当代民主中的角色,促进法治,脆弱民主国家的律师和民主巩固的挑战:尼日利亚的经验”(2009),《福特汉姆法律评论》第1295期,1297.7页。“发展中经济体的必要性”(2015)5“可持续发展与政策研究”(2015),“尼日利亚法律教育的挑战及其对国家发展的影响”(2019)6(10)。参见Bagoni A Bukar,“尼日利亚的法律教育:问题与展望”(1990)23 Verfassung und Recht, Übersee 34.10同上。11 Ndubuisi J Madubuike-Ekwe,“尼日利亚法律教育的挑战与展望”(2014)20国际临床法律教育杂志,593.9《21世纪尼日利亚的法律教育:对内容范式多样性的需求》(2015)《法律、政策与全球化》63.13《教育(国家最低标准与机构建立)法案》第E63章,LFN 2004; 10.14《法律教育(整合)法案》第L10章,LFN 2004, s 1(2).1516 . (n 12)经济合作与发展组织,“改善监管的战略和政策”(2010),2023年2月7日,同上。19罗伯特·鲍德温,马丁·凯夫和马丁·洛奇,“什么是“好”监管?在罗伯特·鲍德温·马丁·凯夫和马丁·洛奇,理解规则:理论,战略和实践(牛津大学出版社2011)58.20特里·哈钦森,“理论研究:研究陪审团”在道恩·沃特金斯和曼迪·伯顿(编辑),法律研究方法(劳特利奇2013)9.21特里·哈钦森和奈杰尔·邓肯,“定义和描述我们所做的:《法学理论研究》(2012)17《迪肯法律评论》(Deakin Law Review) 179, 181.22同上183.23 Oliver TU Onwudinjo等,“公共和私法教科书收藏:法律图书馆的认证问题与必要性”(2015)3 Pinnacle教育研究与发展724,725.24 Oliver Theophine Onwudinjo, Chukwuma Obiora Nwosu,塞浦路斯I Ugwu,“尼日利亚大学法学院的认证问题”;《法律图书馆、法律与法规的必要性》(2014)1172《图书馆哲学与实践》(电子期刊)1,2 - 3.25 Ndubuisi Joseph Madubuike-Ekwe:“尼日利亚法律教育的挑战与前景:综述”(2017)8(1)Nnamdi Azikiwe大学国际法与法理学学报,128,130.26 Moshood B Lawal:《尼日利亚教育史手册》(Macmillan & Co 2008) 30。 76 Nnamdi Onyeka Obiaraeri和Chinyere Obiaraeri,“在Covid-19大流行时代重新思考尼日利亚法律教育的未来”(2022)3《国际法律与临床法律教育杂志》第9期,13.77 awouous Nnaemeka,“委员会指责大学经营未经认证的法律课程威胁法律职业”(the Whistler),2022年8月29日),于2023.1月29日取阅。78同上。