{"title":"Baryonic Mass Inventory for Galaxies and Rarefied Media from Theory and Observations of Rotation and Luminosity","authors":"Anne M. Hofmeister, Robert E. Criss, Hugh Chou","doi":"10.3390/galaxies11050100","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"Available inventories of baryonic mass in the universe are based largely on galactic data and empirical calculations made >20 years ago. Values falling below cosmological estimates underlie proposals that certain rarified gassy regions could have extremely high T, which motivated absorption measurements and hydrodynamic models. Yet, the shortfall remains. We inventory the total baryonic mass, focusing on gravitational interactions and updated measurements. A recent analytical inverse method for analyzing galactic rotation curves quantified how baryon mass and associated volumetric density (ρ) depend on distance (r) from galactic centers. The model is based on the dynamical consequences of the observed oblate shape of galaxies and the Virial Theorem. The parameter-free solution provides ρ(r) ∝ 1/r2 which describes star-rich galactic interiors, gas-rich outer discoids, circumgalactic media, and gradation into intergalactic media. Independent observational determinations of baryonic ρ validate that our 1/r2 result describes baryons alone. This solution shows that total baryonic mass associated with any galaxy is 2.4 to 40 times detectable luminosity, depending on galaxy size and spacing. Luminosity data within 50 Mpc show that Andromeda equivalents separated by ~1 Mpc represent the local universe. Combining the above yields (6 ± 2) × 10−25 kg m−3 for the present-day universe. Three other approaches support this high density: (1) evaluating trends and luminosity data near 1000 Mpc; (2) using a recent estimate for the number of galaxies in the universe; (3) calculating an energy balance. We discuss uncertainties in the critical density. Implications of large baryonic ρ are briefly discussed.","PeriodicalId":37570,"journal":{"name":"Galaxies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2000,"publicationDate":"2023-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Galaxies","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.3390/galaxies11050100","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Available inventories of baryonic mass in the universe are based largely on galactic data and empirical calculations made >20 years ago. Values falling below cosmological estimates underlie proposals that certain rarified gassy regions could have extremely high T, which motivated absorption measurements and hydrodynamic models. Yet, the shortfall remains. We inventory the total baryonic mass, focusing on gravitational interactions and updated measurements. A recent analytical inverse method for analyzing galactic rotation curves quantified how baryon mass and associated volumetric density (ρ) depend on distance (r) from galactic centers. The model is based on the dynamical consequences of the observed oblate shape of galaxies and the Virial Theorem. The parameter-free solution provides ρ(r) ∝ 1/r2 which describes star-rich galactic interiors, gas-rich outer discoids, circumgalactic media, and gradation into intergalactic media. Independent observational determinations of baryonic ρ validate that our 1/r2 result describes baryons alone. This solution shows that total baryonic mass associated with any galaxy is 2.4 to 40 times detectable luminosity, depending on galaxy size and spacing. Luminosity data within 50 Mpc show that Andromeda equivalents separated by ~1 Mpc represent the local universe. Combining the above yields (6 ± 2) × 10−25 kg m−3 for the present-day universe. Three other approaches support this high density: (1) evaluating trends and luminosity data near 1000 Mpc; (2) using a recent estimate for the number of galaxies in the universe; (3) calculating an energy balance. We discuss uncertainties in the critical density. Implications of large baryonic ρ are briefly discussed.
GalaxiesPhysics and Astronomy-Astronomy and Astrophysics
CiteScore
4.90
自引率
12.00%
发文量
100
审稿时长
11 weeks
期刊介绍:
Es una revista internacional de acceso abierto revisada por pares que proporciona un foro avanzado para estudios relacionados con astronomía, astrofísica y cosmología. Areas temáticas Astronomía Astrofísica Cosmología Astronomía observacional: radio, infrarrojo, óptico, rayos X, neutrino, etc. Ciencia planetaria Equipos y tecnologías de astronomía. Ingeniería Aeroespacial Análisis de datos astronómicos. Astroquímica y Astrobiología. Arqueoastronomía Historia de la astronomía y cosmología. Problemas filosóficos en cosmología.