Assumptions on Health Risks in Consuming Vermonia amygdalina and Fruits (Musa sp.) in Koko, Nigeria

Amaka Michael, Peter Ndu Okeke, Chinedu Emeka Ihejirika, Christopher Chibuzor Ejiogu
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Abstract

The unified potential of plants to absorb nutrients from soil, air, and water, including their natural surrounding habitat, makes them efficient in translocating nutrients and absorbing pollutants to the leaves, fruits, and other edible parts. Composite soil and two plants, Vermonia amygdalina and Musa sp., were selected from two areas (area 1 and area 2), respectively, in Koko, Nigeria. Both samples were analyzed using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer, gas chromatography, and a soxhlet extractor for heavy metals, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and dioxins, respectively. Techniques applied were arithmetic mean, contamination factor, potential ecological risk index, and toxicity equivalence. Results revealed high mean concentrations of cadmium for plants in Area 1 (5.9022 mg/kg) and Area 2 (5.0172 mg/kg), respectively. The contamination factor showed a higher value in plants for cadmium in area 1 (5.9022 mg/kg) than in area 2 (5.017 mg/kg). The same was observed in the ecological risk index, as cadmium was concentrated more in plants (1.1612 mg/kg) in area 1 than (0.84 mg/kg) in area 2. PCBs recorded a high amount of mean in plants (14.095 ppb) for area 1 and 14.91 ppb in plants for area 2. The contamination factor in PCBs was the same in both areas, with area 1 recording 1409.5 ppb in plants and area 2 recording 1491 ppb in soil. The ecological risk index for plants was 496.7 ppb in plants for area 1 and 555.8 ppb in soil for area 2. Toxicity in dioxins exceeded the World Health Organization maximum limits, with Polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins having the highest toxicity of 42.88 ppb in V. amygdalina and 9.69 ppb in Musa sp. Anthropogenic sources of pollutants such as shipping, oil transportation, power plant facilities, bitumen production, and lubricants remain key driving stressors that contribute to the destruction of plant ecology in Koko. The knowledge of the compounds constituting the make-up of these products in both plants reflects the health risks and hazards in the town. Hence, awareness and ecological monitoring of the area need a continuous program to minimize health hazards in Koko.
在尼日利亚科科食用苦杏仁和水果(Musa sp.)的健康风险假设
植物从土壤、空气和水中(包括它们周围的自然栖息地)吸收养分的统一潜力,使它们能够有效地将养分转运并将污染物吸收到叶子、水果和其他可食用部位。在尼日利亚科科的两个区(区1和区2)分别选择复合土壤和两种植物,苦杏仁桃和木沙。两种样品分别使用原子吸收分光光度计、气相色谱法和索氏萃取器对重金属、多氯联苯和二恶英进行分析。应用的技术有算术平均值、污染系数、潜在生态风险指数和毒性等效。结果显示,1区和2区植物镉的平均浓度分别为5.9022 mg/kg和5.0172 mg/kg。1区镉污染系数(5.9022 mg/kg)高于2区(5.017 mg/kg)。在生态风险指数中也观察到同样的情况,区域1的镉在植物中的浓度(1.1612 mg/kg)高于区域2的浓度(0.84 mg/kg)。1区多氯联苯在植物中的平均值较高(14.095 ppb), 2区多氯联苯在植物中的平均值为14.91 ppb。两个地区的多氯联苯污染系数相同,1区植物中多氯联苯的污染系数为1409.5 ppb, 2区土壤中多氯联苯的污染系数为1491 ppb。1区植物生态风险指数为496.7 ppb, 2区土壤生态风险指数为555.8 ppb。二恶英的毒性超过了世界卫生组织的最高限度,其中多氯二苯并对二恶英的毒性最高,在苦茉莉中为42.88 ppb,在Musa sp中为9.69 ppb。船舶、石油运输、发电厂设施、沥青生产和润滑剂等人为污染源仍然是造成科科植物生态破坏的主要驱动压力源。两家工厂对构成这些产品成分的化合物的了解反映了该镇的健康风险和危害。因此,对该地区的认识和生态监测需要一个持续的方案,以尽量减少科科的健康危害。
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